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The Age of Revolution
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Why Bismarck was important?
Bismarck was the prime minister of Prussia, who helped Wilhelm I unify the German states.
Why Thomas Jefferson was important?
Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which outlined the principles of national sovereignty, separation of powers and suffrage
Why Napoleon was important?
Napoleon carried out a coup d’état in France and created a Consulate. Soon after, he became the ruler of France.
Why Garibaldi was important?
He commanded the red shirts, a group of Italian revolutionary forces, and took control of Naples and Sicily. He contributed significantly to Italian unificatio
Why Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, was important?
He was responsible, along with his prime minister Bismarck, for the unification of Germany. In 1871, he was crowned Kaiser of the Second German Empire.
Define The Holy Alliance
The Holy Alliance was a group of countries (Prussia, Russia and Austria) that formed to combat liberalism and revolution after the Congress of Vienna.
Define Jacobins
The Jacobins were the radical revolutionaries in the French Revolution. They seized power from the Girondins and formed a dictatorship that lasted until 1794.
Define Girondins
The Girondins were the moderate republicans in the French Revolution. They controlled the Assembly between September 1792 and June 1793.
Define nationalism
Nationalism was an ideology developed in the 19th century, when people who shared the same culture and language began to think of themselves as a ‘nation’.
Define revolution
Revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system.
Date of Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser of Germany
1871
Date of Vittorio Emanuele becomes King of Italy
1861
Date of Louis Philippe of Orleans becomes King of France
1830
Date of Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor
1804
Date of Proclamation of the First French Republic
1792
Date of United States of America Declaration of Independence
1776
Who were the main figures in German unification?
Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (and later Kaiser), and Prime Minister Bismarck were the main figures of German unification.
Define Second Reich
The Second Reich was the second German Empire, which was formed in 1871 through military action by Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Bismarck.
Define German Confederation
The German Confederation was the group of 39 independent states joined together by the Congress of Vienna.
Who were the main figures in Italian unification?
King Vittorio Emanuele II, his prime minister Cavour, and the revolutionary leader Giuseppe Garibaldi led the unification of Italy.
Define unification of states nationalism
Nations were divided into many states but had a shared identity – such as Italy and Greece.
Define desintegration of states nationalism
some nations – like Greece and the Balkan countries – considered that they were under foreign rule within a large empire.
What types of nationalism emerged in the 19th century?
There were two main kinds of nationalism that arose in the 19th century: disintegration of states and unification of states
Did the liberal revolutions represent any kind of improvement, despite their failure?
Yes, even though the revolutions mainly failed, some countries did obtain universal male suffrage and the abolition of feudalism.
What were the main factors that influenced the revolutions that took place between 1820 and 1848?
The revolutions that took place between 1820 and 1848 were influenced by national movements and liberalism.
What was liberalism?
It was a political doctrine that rejected absolutism, respected the sovereignty of the people, and defended the rights and liberties recognised in the FRev.
Which territories were annexed by Russia and Austria after the Congress of Vienna?
Russia annexed Finland, Poland and part of Bessarabia. Austria annexed Tyrol, the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, Parma, Modena and Tuscany.
What was the Conservative Order?
It was a period in which European powers considered monarchy, internationalism and congresses as solutions to international problems.
How did Napoleon Bonaparte intervine in the French Revolution?
He carried out a coup d’état in late 1799, which led to the creation of a Consulate. However in practice, Napoleon became the real ruler of France.
What was the Napoleonic Code?
The Napoleonic Code was a legal code that allowed freedom of religion and simplified the range of laws that had existed before the French Revolution.
What was the Reign of Terror?
It was a 10-month period of violent repression during the Jacobin Convention. It was the result of the danger of foreign invasion and the internal threat
Define sans-culottes
a movement of radical working-class people. They supported the Jacobins in 1793 and helped them seize power from the Girondins
Define National Assembly
made up of the representatives of the 3 Estate, who formed their own assembly because they believed they were the only legitimate representatives of the French
Define Estates-General
an assembly of all three estates. Each estate presented their problems.
How long did the American Revolution war with Britain last?
The war with Great Britain lasted for eight years, from 1775 until 1783, when Britain recognised the independence of the USA.
What happened after the Tea Act?
In response, the Boston Tea Party took place in Boston Harbor. This event was followed later by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775
What was the Tea Act?
The Tea Act in 1773 granted a trade monopoly on the sale of tea to the English East India Company
List the Thirteen Colonies from north to south
. They were: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Ca
In which part of North America were the Thirteen Colonies?
The Thirteen Colonies were on the east coast of North America.


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