Infectious Disease Review | Baamboozle - Baamboozle

How can ABR be prevented? (name three)

limit use of antibiotics to essential conditions, educate patients to take the full course, limit use in livestock, hold back anitbiotics of last resort

How is resistance passed from one generation to another?

vertically gene transmission (all offspring have advantaeous trait) or horizontal gene transmission (transfer of plasmids through conjugation- pass species)

What causes antibiotic resistance?

mutations in bacteria (by chance) ex. production of penicillinase)

Why don't antibiotics affect viruses

viruses dont have the same sites of action as bacteria (protein coat v. cell wall, simple with few organelles, use metabolism of host, live inside host cells)

Name the inflexible material that makes up the bacterial cell wall of bacteria cells

peptidogylcan (murein)

Name the enzyme secreted by young bacterial cells as they grow to allow them to stretch

autolysins

How does penicillin work?

prevents bacteria from making normal cell walls resulting in osmotic lysis

What are antibiotics?

substances produced by microorganisms that destroy other microorganisms or inhibit their growth

How can HIV be controlled?

contact tracing, screening blood donations, needle-exchange programs, public health measures such as testing at-risk populations and education, anti-retro drugs

Why is preventing the spread of HIV difficult?

long latent stage and where infected people have no symptoms

How can transmission of TB to humans from cattle be prevented?

Pasteurise all milk, routine testing of cattle for TB and destroying any who are positive, ensuring meat is properly cooked

Why was the eradication program against malaria unsuccessful?

Plasmodium developed resistance to drugs, Anopheles mosquitos became resistant to DDT and other insecticides

List three methods of reducing malaria transmission

reduce number of mosquitos, reduce chances of being biten, use drugs to prevent Plasmodium infecting humans

How can cholera be controlled?

WHO monitoring, access to ORT, use of antibiotics in severe causes

Name three examples of how HIV can be transmitted

unprotected sexual intercourse, blood donation (untested), sharing of needles (IV drug users) , mother to child (birth, across the placenta, breast feeding)

Outline process of malaria transmission after a human is biten by an infected mosquito

infective stages of parasite enter bloodstream and travel to liver cells--> leave liver cells and enter RBCs parasite's gametes mature and reproduce

Outline the process of malaria transmission which occurs within the mosquito

mosquito takes blood meal, male and female gametes of parasite fuse in mosquito and produce 1000's of parasites-->enter salivary glands and spread by bite

Besides the mosquito vector, how can malaria be transmitted person to person?

blood transfusion, sharing unsterile needles, across the placenta mother to child

Name the causative agents (2) of tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis

Name the four species of Plasmodium that can transmit malaria

falciparum, malariae, ovale, vivax

Describe a technique to eliminate mosquitoes

spraying living areas insecticides, draining bodies of water, spreading oil over bodies of water

Why is it difficult to prevent the spread of cholera?

infrastructure in developing countries insufficient, humanitarian crises, raw sewage used to irrigate crops

Mycobacterium bovis is the form of TB transmitted to humans by contact with

cattle

What is the name for a type of medication that we take to prevent getting infected with a disease?

prophylaxic

How is TB prevented?

contact tracing and treatment, vaccination with the BCG vaccine

What does MDR-TB stand for?

multiple-drug-resistant forms of TB

What is a social factor that contributes to the spread of TB?

poor housing conditions

What causes drug-resistance in bacteria?

mutation of bacterial DNA

How is TB transmitted?

air borne droplets, undercooked meat and unpasterised milk

Name the primary site of action of TB pathogen

the lungs

Name the pathogen that causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How can the spread of HIV be stopped?

public health measures

Give one reason why the body's immune system finds it difficult to recognise HIV

it changes its surface proteins

Streptomycin, an antibiotic, is now less effective at treating TB worldwide. Why?

There is an increase in the number of people with drug resistant infections

Name a social factor that contributes to the spreading of malaria

migration of people due to war

How is HIV diagnosed?

Testing blood for antibodies produced against HIV

What is the site of action of HIV?

T helper lymphocytes

How long could it take an untreated person to develop AIDS from HIV?

10 years

What is the incubation period of HIV?

a few weeks

How is HIV transmitted?

direct exchange of bodily fluids

Why was the WHO unable to eradicate malaria in the past?

Plasmodium became resistant to drugs

Stocking ponds with fish that feed on mosquito larvae is an example of what type of control measure?

biological

How can malaria be prevented?

reduce the number of mosquitoes

What happens to people continually re-infected by different strains of malaria

They become immune

Name a site of action of Plasmodium

red blood cells

Where is malaria found?

tropics and subtropics (endemic in 106 countries!)

Name the insect vector of malaria

female Anopheles mosquito (uses the protein in blood to develop eggs)

How can cholera be prevented?

sewage treatment and chlorination of drinking water

How is cholera treated?

oral rehydration therapy

What are the main symptoms of cholera?

severe diarrhoea, dehydration

What are the methods of transmission of Vibrio cholerae?

food-borne, water borne

smallpox is the first and only virus to be

eradicated

What is the causative agent of HIV/AIDS?

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Malaria is caused by four species of Plasmodium. What type of organism is plasmodium?

protoctisst

What is the causative agent (pathogen) responsible for cholera

Vibrio cholerae

People who spread a pathogen even though they do not have the disease

carrier

An example of a non-infectious disease is

cardiovascular disease

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by organisms known as

pathogens