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The metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Diabetes
The two-hour glucose level range (140–199 mg/dL) on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test indicating prediabetes.
Impaired glucose tolerance
The impaired fasting glucose range defined as fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL.
Impaired fasting glucose
The only definitive treatment for spontaneous hypoglycemia caused by hyperplastic or neoplastic pancreatic tissue.
Surgical removal of the hyperplastic or neoplastic tissue
The condition in which continuous, unregulated insulin secretion leads to β-cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis.
Hyperinsulinism
The condition characterized by insufficient insulin production leading to persistent hyperglycemia.
Hypoinsulinism
The critical brain condition caused by severe glucose deprivation, usually occurring when blood glucose falls below 50 mg/dL.
Neuroglycopenia
The early autonomic symptom of hypoglycemia caused by epinephrine release that results in cold sweating.
Diaphoresis
The blood pH value indicating acidosis in DKA.
Less than 7.3
The diagnostic blood glucose level typically seen in DKA that exceeds normal limits.
Greater than 250 mg/dL
The electrolyte that must be critically assessed before giving insulin because insulin drives it into cells, risking arrhythmias.
Potassium
The highest priority intervention in DKA management before insulin administration.
Initiation of IV isotonic fluids (usually normal saline)
Deep, rapid, labored breathing observed in patients with metabolic acidosis such as DKA.
Kussmaul respirations
A life-threatening complication caused by a prolonged total lack of insulin, resulting in ketone accumulation and metabolic acidosis.
DKA
A condition caused by inadequate pancreatic enzyme production characterized by weight loss and fatty stools.
Malnutrition
The enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down carbohydrates.
Amylase
The pancreatic hormone that raises blood sugar by signaling the liver to release stored glucose.
Glucagon
The pancreatic hormone that lowers blood sugar by moving glucose into body cells.
Insulin
The pancreatic function that secretes products through ducts onto an epithelium instead of directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine function
The abdominal organ responsible for converting food into fuel for the body’s cells.
Pancreas
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