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Validity and Reliability
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Why is validity particularly important when testing cause-and-effect relationships?
Because invalid methods prevent accurate identification of causal links.
Does repeating an invalid experiment make it valid?
No, repetition only improves reliability, not validity.
Why must conclusions be supported by data to be valid?
Because conclusions not based on evidence are not scientifically justified.
What is one way to improve the validity of secondary data?
Check the credibility of the source and compare with other reliable sources.
Why might a biased sampling method reduce validity?
Because the sample may not represent the population being studied.
How does sample size affect reliability?
Larger sample sizes generally improve reliability.
Why is controlling variables essential for drawing valid conclusions?
It ensures changes in the dependent variable are due only to the independent variable.
If results from an experiment vary widely between trials, what does this indicate?
Low reliability.
Why is averaging results from multiple trials useful?
It increases reliability by minimising the influence of random errors.
How can calibration of equipment improve an investigation?
It improves validity by ensuring measurements are accurate.
What is a random error?
An unpredictable variation that affects reliability.
What is a systematic error?
A consistent error caused by faulty equipment or flawed method that affects validity.
What happens to validity if more than one independent variable is changed at the same time?
Validity is reduced because the cause of the effect cannot be determined.
Why does increasing the number of trials improve reliability?
It reduces the effect of random errors and allows results to be averaged.
Which feature of an investigation most improves reliability: repeating trials or changing variables?
Repeating trials.
What type of variable must be kept constant to improve validity?
Controlled variables.
Can an investigation be valid but not reliable?
Yes, it may measure the correct variable but produce inconsistent results.
Can an investigation be reliable but not valid?
Yes, results can be consistent but still not measure what was intended.
What does reliability mean in a scientific investigation?
Reliability refers to how consistent the results are when the investigation is repeated.
What does validity mean in a scientific investigation?
Validity refers to whether the investigation measures what it is intended to measure.
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