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Biology T4
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aim of selective breeding over many generations
improve crop plants and domesticated animals
process where humans choose organisms with desired traits
selective breeding
example of natural selection in bacteria
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
process where better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce
natural selection
genetic change that creates new alleles
mutation
type of variation with no intermediates
discontinuous variation
type of variation showing a range of values
continuous variation
differences between individuals of the same species
variation
phenotypic ratios produced by monohybrid crosses
 
1
 
1 or 3
 
1
diagram used to predict offspring genotypes
Punnett square
diagram used to track inheritance through generations
pedigree diagram
allele expressed only when no dominant allele is present
recessive allele
allele expressed when present in the genotype
dominant allele
whether a heterozygous individual is pure-breeding
no
having two different alleles for a gene
heterozygous
two identical homozygous individuals that always produce the same offspring
pure-breeding
having two identical alleles for a gene
homozygous
observable characteristics of an organism
phenotype
genetic make-up of an organism
genotype
passing of genetic information from one generation to the next
inheritance
division that halves the chromosome number
meiosis
type of cell division that produces gametes
meiosis
result of chromosome separation during mitosis
same chromosome number in daughter cells
process that copies chromosomes before mitosis
DNA replication
role of mitosis in the body
growth, repair, replacement and asexual reproduction
nuclear division producing genetically identical cells
mitosis
number of chromosome pairs in a human diploid cell
23 pairs
nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes
diploid
nucleus containing one set of chromosomes
haploid
sex chromosome combination in males
XY
sex chromosome combination in females
XX
alternative form of a gene
allele
length of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
structure made of DNA that carries genetic information
chromosome
ways the spread of STIs can be controlled
use of condoms, testing, treatment, limiting sexual partners
ways HIV can be transmitted
sexual contact, sharing needles, blood transfusions, mother to child
disease that may develop from HIV infection
AIDS
pathogen that causes an STI and attacks the immune system
HIV
infection transmitted through sexual contact
sexually transmitted infection
cycle involving changes in the ovaries and the lining of the uterus
menstrual cycle
hormone responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics
oestrogen
hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
gamete that is large, non-motile and produced in small numbers
female gamete
gamete that is small, motile and produced in large numbers
male gamete
egg cell feature that changes after fertilisation to prevent entry of more sperm
jelly coat
adaptive feature of egg cells that provides food for the embryo
energy stores
part of the sperm containing enzymes to digest the egg coating
acrosome
adaptive feature of sperm that provides energy
mitochondria
adaptive feature of sperm used for movement
flagellum
fusion of the nuclei of a sperm and an egg cell
fertilisation
tube that receives the penis during sexual intercourse
vagina
ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus
cervix
organ where a fetus develops
uterus
tube that carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus
oviduct
part of the female reproductive system that produces egg cells
ovaries
male reproductive organ that transfers sperm into the female
penis
tube that carries urine and semen out of the body
urethra
gland that adds fluid to sperm to form semen
prostate gland
tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra
sperm duct
part of the male reproductive system that keeps the testes at the correct temperature
scrotum
part of the male reproductive system that produces sperm
testes
all living things of the same species in the same habitat
population
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