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Biology 3rd midterm
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What structure is shown in the picture?
spindle fibers
Which is the longest stage of the cell division?
Interphase
What stage is this?
Telophase
What stage is this?
Anaphase
What stage is this?
Metaphase
What stage is this?
Prophase
What are okazaki fragments?
short, discontinuous segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What organizes spindle fibers in animal cells?
Centrioles.
What structure attaches to chromosomes during mitosis?
Spindle fibers.
What are sister chromatids?
Identical chromatids joined at the centromere.
What happens in cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm divides into two cells.
What happens in telophase?
Nuclear membranes reform around chromosomes.
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What happens in prophase?
Chromosomes condense and spindle forms.
During which phase does DNA replicate?
S phase.
What are the three stages of Interphase?
G1, S, and G2.
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What causes mutations?
Replication errors or external agents like UV or chemicals.
What is protein synthesis?
The process of building proteins from amino acids.
What are the characteristics of the genetic code?
Universal and degenerate.
What is a codon?
A three-base sequence on mRNA.
What is the role of ribosomes?
They read codons and assemble proteins.
What is the role of tRNA?
It brings amino acids to the ribosome.
What is the role of mRNA?
It carries the genetic code from DNA.
Where does translation occur?
Cytoplasm and Ribosomes.
What molecule is the template for transcription?
DNA template strand.
What is the product of transcription?
mRNA.
What is base complementarity in DNA?
A pairs with T, C pairs with G.
Transcription is the process by which:
An mRNA molecule is formed using a DNA strand as a template..
Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?
Ligase.
Which enzyme adds nucleotides during replication?
DNA polymerase.
The purpose of the translation process is:
 
Synthesize proteins from the information contained in mRNA
 
Copy the DNA information into an mRNA molecule.
 
To form an RNA molecule complementary to DNA.
 
Replicate genetic material before cell division.
What is the direction of DNA synthesis?
5’ to 3’.
Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?
Each new molecule keeps one old strand and one new strand.
What is DNA replication?
The process of making an identical copy of DNA.