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The word “dog” can refer to any animal of that species in general, but in “My dog is barking,” it refers to one specific animal. The first use shows ______, and the second shows ______.
denotation; reference
“He passed away last night” is a gentle way to say “He died.” This is an example of ______.
euphemism
Saying “He’s not very smart” instead of “He’s stupid” is an example of ______, which expresses something positive using a mild negative.
litotes
In the sentence “The kettle is boiling,” the word “kettle” actually means “the water inside it”, showing the figure of speech called ______.
metonymy
The word “rose” in “Her cheeks are like roses” is an example of ______, because it compares two things based on similarity.
metaphor
When a mild or indirect expression is used to replace something unpleasant or offensive, it is called ______.
Euphemism
The sentence “He’s not very intelligent” used to imply the opposite meaning is an example of ______.
Irony
The transference of meaning based on similarity between two things is known as ______, while transference based on association or contiguity is called ______.
Metaphor; Metonymy
When a speaker uses a word to refer to a specific entity in a specific situation, it is called ______.
Reference
______ is the ability of a word to identify all those things or objects that are correctly covered by it; it represents the invariant and context-independent part of meaning.
Denotation
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