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The seedlings are tested to see if they can 'withstand' the fungus. This means...
 
remain undamaged or unaffected by it
 
grow much faster when infected by it
 
attract the fungus more easily
'I saw Dutch elm disease unfold as a small boy'. 'Unfold' here means...
 
he watched the events happen and develop
 
he read about the disease in a book
 
he helped to cause the disease
The elm was a 'prominent' tree in the landscape. This means it was...
 
important and very noticeable
 
rare and hard to find
 
small and not very strong
The Trust 'emphasises' providing space for surviving elms. This means the Trust...
 
gives special importance to this idea
 
disagrees with this idea
 
is not sure if this idea will work
A 'horticultural analogue' is a cultivated plant that is genetically...
 
similar to another species
 
identical to another species
 
completely different from another species
Some people are 'wary' of reintroducing the elm. This means they are...
 
cautious about possible dangers
 
very excited and enthusiastic
 
not interested in the topic at all
The plan raises questions of social 'acceptance'. This refers to whether...
 
the public will agree to and approve of the plan
 
scientists think the plan is good
 
the government will fund the plan
Trees that are 'susceptible' to the fungus show leaf loss and may die. 'Susceptible' means...
 
likely to be harmed by something
 
strong and able to resist something
 
very old and large
Scientists inject a tiny amount of the 'pathogen' to test the trees. A 'pathogen' is a...
 
microorganism that can cause disease
 
medicine that cures a disease
 
tool for cutting trees
If a tree is 'tolerant' of the disease. it can...
 
survive with the disease without dying
 
spread the disease to other trees
 
never be infected by the disease
The elm's return 'relies heavily on' finding resistant trees. This phrase means...
 
it depends a great deal on it
 
it has no connection to it
 
it is a small part of it
The situation for the surviving elms is 'precarious'. This means it is...
 
not secure and likely to get worse
 
very safe and getting better
 
stable and unchanging
Peter Bourne is one of the tree's 'advocates'. An 'advocate' is someone who...
 
publicly supports a particular cause
 
studies the history of something
 
tries to destroy something
Given how 'ingrained' the elm is in British culture, it's not surprising it has fans. 'Ingrained' means...
 
firmly established and difficult to change
 
newly introduced and not well-known
 
unimportant and easily forgotten
Millions of trees 'succumbed' to the disease. This means they...
 
failed to resist and died from it
 
successfully fought and survived it
 
were changed but did not die
A more 'virulent' strain of the fungus destroyed the trees. 'Virulent' means...
 
extremely severe or harmful
 
much weaker and less damaging
 
slow-spreading and easy to cure
The fungus blocks the elm's 'vascular' system, which transports water. This system is related to...
 
the circulation of fluids
 
the outer bark of the tree
 
the leaves of the tree
Scientists hope the elm may be 'reintroduced' to the countryside. This means...
 
put back into a place where it once lived
 
introduced for the first time
 
removed completely from a place
The elm was once the 'dominant' tree in the landscape. This means it was...
 
the most common and powerful
 
the rarest and smallest
 
the most beautiful
In the 'aftermath' of the disease, the elm was forgotten. 'Aftermath' means...
 
the period following a destructive event
 
the time before the disease
 
the cause of the disease