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CELL CYCLE AND CELL MEMBRANE
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Differentiate diffusion from osmosis.
Diffusion is the general movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is a specific type of diffusion where only water moves.
Cell engulfs material (Phagocytosis = solids, Pinocytosis = liquids).
ENDOCYTOSIS
Pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in per ATP molecule.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Type of cell transport wherein it Requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against concentration gradient (low → high).
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Solvent moves into the cell, which swells and might eventually burst.
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
Uses transport proteins (channels or carriers). For larger or charged molecules that cannot cross directly.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
A type of cell transport wherein no energy required (relies on concentration gradient).
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Helps the immune system distinguish between self-cells (your body’s cells) and non-self (bacteria, viruses, or foreign cells).
GLYCOCALYX
Stabilizes membrane, prevents extremes in fluidity.
CHOLESTEROL
Found on outer surface, form glycocalyx. Used in recognition & signaling.
CARBOHYDRATES
They are attached to the surface and mainly support or assist in communication.
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
They are 'water-fearing' and tend not to interact with water if possible.
HYDROPHOBIC TAIL
What would happen if the G1 checkpoint regulation failed?
APOPTOSIS OR MUTATION
It ensures that a cell is suitable for division by checking for sufficient cell size, enough nutrients and growth factors, and intact, undamaged DNA.
G1 CHECKPOINT
The third phase of interphase in the cell cycle, following S phase (DNA replication) and preceding mitosis.
G2 PHASE
The sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division until the time when that cell itself divides.
CELL CYCLE
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
Cells divide for growth, development, repair of worn-out tissues and reproduction.
Formation of sex cells, or gametes.
MEIOSIS
It is the process by which a cell divides to form two new cells.
CELL DIVISION
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