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Rhetoric and Argument
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The context in which speakers or writers create an argument, including elements of speaker, audience, purpose, and purpose.
rhetorical situation
MLK Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech was a response to systemic racism, violence, and the injustice of segregation affecting African Americans in the 1960s. This is the ...... that explains why he wrote the speech.
exigence
Statements that begin with "Admittedly," "While it is true that," and "I'll grant that..." are ways that you would probably introduce these in your argument.
 
Concession
 
Counterargument
 
Qualifier
Phrases like "Some may argue that.." or "Critics may claim that.." or "Opponents may say..." are used to introduce these.
 
Counterarguments
 
Concessions
 
Qualifiers
"Most cats are friendly, although some may be timid". The words "Most" and "although some may be" limit the claim and are therefore examples of.....
 
qualifiers
 
evidence
 
counterarguments
 
concessions
Which appeal? A commercial shows joyful children playing on a playground and asks you to contribute to building a new playground in the city.
 
pathos
 
ethos
Which appeal? The SPCA shows pictures of sick and suffering animals to get you to adopt or donate.
 
Pathos
 
Logos
Which appeal? You should listen to me because I know how it feels to lose a loved one to drunk driving.
 
ethos
 
pathos
Which appeal? F.B.I. data shows that youth violence continues to decline; it is now at its lowest rate in years
 
logos
 
pathos
Which appeal? We are all scared because home invasions are on the rise.This fear should drive us to buy weapons to protect ourselves
 
pathos
 
ethos
Which appeal? "Olay helps reduce fine lines by 33%."
 
logos
 
pathos
Which appeal? "Hi! I'm Jennifer Aniston and using Aveeno makes me look gorgeous."
 
ethos
 
logos
Which appeal? "A hybrid vehicle uses 85% less fuel and is made from 98% recycled materials."
 
logos
 
pathos
Which fallacy? I went the new coffee shop near my house and then I got a stomach ache that afternoon. The coffee must have caused my stomachache.
hasty generalization
the strategy of crafting a directive or command (usually in the conclusion) to get the audience to take a specific, desired action
call to action
Which fallacy? the oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities
either/or fallacy
Which fallacy? appeals to the authority of an individual although that individual is not qualified to speak as an authority on the subject in question
False Authority
Which fallacy? person makes a broad conclusion based on a limited or unrepresentative sample, often based solely on their own experience
hasty generalization
Which fallacy? suggesting that because one thing happens, more and more (terrible) things will continue happening
slippery slope
Which fallacy? attacking a person rather than an idea or point of view
ad hominem
Which fallacy? giving the impression that "everybody's doing it" and using this to persuade a point
bandwagon
An error in reasoning that makes an argument invalid
logical fallacy
The speaker/author's explanation of the evidence that links it to the claim
commentary
A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer
rhetorical question
In an argument, words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to limit the claim, making it less absolute.
qualifier
recognizing or anticipating a point on the opposing side (and then hopefully arguing against it)
counterargument
a refutation or contradiction of an opponent's point/counterargument
Rebuttal
a point given up or agreed to in an opposing argument
concession
Facts, figures, data, personal examples, quotes from a text, etc to support a claim
Evidence
an issue, problem, or event that motivates someone to write or speak their argument
Exigence
an appeal based on logic or reason
Logos
an appeal based on emotion.
Pathos
appealing to credibility or shared values
Ethos
A statement put forth for or against a point and supported by evidence
claim
the art of using language effectively and persuasively
Rhetoric
Which fallacy? There is definitely a link between autism and the vaccines given to toddlers. I know this because a Wikipedia entry mentioned numerous studies that found this to be true:
Appeal to False Authority
Which fallacy? If I don’t take this hard class, then I won’t do well on the ACT. If I don’t do well on the ACT, then no college. If there's no college, then I’ll live in my parents' basement forever.
Slippery Slope
Which fallacy?  My opponent raises a good point, but can we really trust him? I mean, he moved to this town only two years ago and everyone knows that his wife left him
Ad Hominem
Which fallacy?  Either you stand and  say the Pledge of Allegiance, or you must be a communist
Either/Or
Which fallacy? I guess I should buy my 12-year-old daughter an iPhone. Everyone at her new school has one and I want her to fit in with the other kids
Bandwagon
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