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Mishnayos Sanhedrin
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If the accused himself says, “I can teach a reason to acquit me,” will the court listen? Under what condition?
Yes, if what he says has substance.
What must be true for the court to listen to the student’s reasoning?
His reason must have substance.
Once the student is moved up to sit with the judges, how long does he stay there?
The entire day.
If a student says, “I can teach a reason to acquit him,” what happens to him?
They raise him to sit with the judges.
Why is a witness or a student not allowed to give a reason to make the accused guilty?
Because only judges can present reasons for guilt in a capital case.
If a student says, “I can teach a reason to make him guilty,” what do the judges do?
They silence him because students cannot argue for guilt.
If a witness says, “I can teach a reason to acquit him,” what do the judges do?
They silence him because witnesses cannot give arguments.
When the court begins deliberations, what do they first invite people to do?
They ask if anyone can give a reason to acquit the accused.
What must be true about the two witnesses’ statements for the court to deliberate?
Their statements must match in the important details.
What happens after the court finishes examining the first witness?
They bring in the second witness and examine him.
How does the sun’s position help explain the difference between 5 hours and 7 hours?
The change is obvious to everyone, so such a mistake would be impossible.
Why does R’ Yehuda say that 5 hours and 7 hours cannot be confused?
Because at 5 hours the sun is in the east and at 7 it’s in the west
What does R’ Yehuda say about a difference between 5 hours and 7 hours?
It’s invalid.
According to R’ Yehuda, why would 3 hours and 5 hours still be acceptable?
Because a person could make that large of a mistake in judging time.
What does R’ Yehuda say about testimony where one says 3 hours and the other says 5 hours?
He says it’s still valid
What is the rule if one says 3 hours and the other says 5 hours according to the Chachomim?
Their testimony is invalid because the gap is too big.
If one says the event was at 2 hours and the other says 3 hours, is the testimony valid? Why?
Yes, because people can easily make a small error in estimating the hour.
If one says the 3rd of the month and one says the 5th, is the testimony valid? Why?
No, because the difference is too large to be a simple mistake.
How can a difference in the date be explained in this case?
One witness counted based on a month with 29 days, the other counted based on a month with 30 days.
If one witness says the event happened on the 2nd of the month and the other says the 3rd, is that a contradiction? Why or why not?
No, because the difference can be explained by whether or not they knew that the previous month had an extra day.
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