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Chapter 14- Mendel and the Gene Idea
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What is a carrier (as seen in a genotype or on a pedigree)?
Heterozygous individual that may pass on a recessive allele.
What is a pedigree?
A family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
What is does multifactorial inheritance indicate?
Genetic and environmental factors influence the phenotype.
Explain polygenic inheritance.
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
Explain quantitative characters.
characters in a population that demonstrate gradations along a continuum.
What is epistasis?
The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus.
Define pleiotropy.
One gene that can affect several traits (for example, could affect three different organs)
Explain multiple alleles.
More than two alleles exist for a trait.
Explain codominance.
The two alleles each affect the phenotype in a different way.
Explain incomplete dominance.
A heterozygote that looks like a blend of two phenotypes.
Define complete dominance.
Mendel's examples- one alleles expressed in genotype.
Alleles can show different degrees of ______________ and _____________ in relation to each other (Mendel's labels don't always apply)
Dominance or recessiveness
Explain Mendel's law of independent assortment.
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. Only applies to genes located on different chromosomes.
Dihybrids?
Two characters being followed in a cross.
Monohybrid?
One trait.
What is a testcross?
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote can reveal the unknown genotype.
Explain genotype.
Genetic makeup.
Explain phenotype.
Physical appearance.
Explain homozygous.
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character is said to be homozygous.
Explain Mendel's Law of Segregation.
Alleles for heritable traits segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Explain a recessive allele.
No noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.
Explain a dominant allele.
Determines the organism's appearance.
What are alleles?
Alternative versions of genes.
What is the F2 generation?
Offspring from the F1 generation.
What is the F1 generation?
First generation after P generation- Mendel's hybrid offspring
What is the P generation?
Parental generation
Define hybridization.
Crossing two true breeding varieties- like a purple flower with a white flower
Define true-breeding.
Pure-bred- organisms that only pass a particular phenotypic trait on to their offspring.
Define trait.
Each variation on a character- like purple or white for flower color.
Define character.
A heritable feature that varies among individuals.
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