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What is TCP/IP
A set of protocols for communication between devices over networks, enabling reliable data transfer and routing.
The ________ layer deals with physical connections, framing data into packets
Link Layer , Protocols: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (802.11)
The __________ layer uses IP addresses to route packets between source and destination across different networks
Internet Layer
The ___________ layer manages end-to-end communication, with TCP ensuring reliable delivery (e.g., retransmitting lost packets)
Transport Layer, Protocols: TCP, UDP
is the top layer (e.g., browsers, email clients) interact with the network. HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.
Application Layer
Broadcasts data to all connected devices in a network, regardless of destination.
Hub
Connects devices within a single network, forwarding data based on MAC addresses.
Switch
Connects multiple networks and directs data traffic between them using IP addresses.
Router
What is a primary advantage of computer networks?
Resource sharing, such as printers and files.
What secures cryptocurrency transactions?
Cryptocurrencies use cryptographic keys (public for addresses, private for signing) to secure and verify transactions, unlike account-based traditional systems.
Which protocol is most commonly used to access the WWW?
HTTP (or HTTPS for secure connections) is the protocol used to transfer web pages and resources between servers and browsers on the WWW.
What does the World Wide Web (WWW) consist of?
The WWW is a service on the Internet, accessed via browsers using URLs and hypertext links to navigate interconnected content.
example of a cryptocurrency that uses blockchain technology?
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that operates on a blockchain
How does a traditional online payment system differ from a cryptocurrency blockchain in terms of trust?
Online payment systems depend on banks or processors to verify transactions, while blockchains use consensus
What is the primary function of a blockchain in cryptocurrency?
A blockchain is a distributed ledger that records cryptocurrency transactions across many nodes, ensuring transparency and immutability without a central author
What is a key characteristic of traditional online payment systems (e.g., PayPal, credit cards)?
Reliance on a central authority or intermediary
about the relationship between the Internet and the WWW?
The WWW is a service that operates over the Internet
Which protocol is most commonly associated with accessing the World Wide Web?
HTTP/HTTPS
What is the Internet primarily defined as?
A global network of interconnected computers and servers
What is required to access the World Wide Web?
A web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) is necessary to access
Computers and devices can be connected in a network using a wired medium like cables or a wireless medium such as ___.
Wi-Fi
Once a device is connected to a network, there is a risk of ___ if data is accessed without the owner's permission.
hacking
A disadvantage of networks is the potential spread of ___, which can affect an improperly secured network.
malware
Network managers can implement ___ software across a network to protect user files from risks.
anti-virus
One advantage of networks is ___ sharing, which allows users to share programs with other users.
software
A secure password should be at least ___ characters long and include at least one uppercase letter, one number, and one special character.
eight
Disaster recovery procedures should anticipate natural disasters, accidental loss, and ___ attacks from inside or outside the organization.
malicious
What is the primary purpose of a secure password? a) To encrypt data on the network b) To verify the identity of a user c) To prevent malware installation d) To backup data automatically
b) To verify the identity of a user
_______ using emails that try to trick users into giving away personal details.
Phishing
Programs that attempt to blackmail a user into making a payment to a hacker.
Ransomware
Programs that monitor user activities (such as websites visited, usernames and passwords used)
Spyware
Programs similar to viruses except that they are not hidden within other files.
Worms
Programs embedded (hidden) within other files. They replicate themselves and become part of other programs.
Viruses
These programs detect and block malware, viruses, and other malicious threats before they can infect systems
Antivirus and Anti-malware Software
authorize users to determine who is allowed into the network and what they can do inside
Network Access Control (NAC)
______ encrypt the connection between a device and a network, ensuring that data transmitted remains private and secure from unauthorized access
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
These are devices or software that monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic and decide whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of security rules
Firewalls
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