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Explain why the power waveform in AC circuits has twice the frequency of voltage/current.
Because both current and voltage are sinusoidal and their product results in a sine-squared waveform.
Which formula correctly represents true power using RMS values?
P = VRMS × IRMS
What type of power is associated with energy returned to the source?
Reactive Power
How does the frequency affect inductive reactance?
It increases — XL is proportional to frequency.
Which type of component alternately stores and returns energy in the form of a magnetic field?
Inductor
In resistive circuits, power is always:
•   Positive
How is instantaneous power calculated in AC circuits?
p(t) = v(t) × i(t)
What does a power factor of 1 indicate about a circuit?
That all the power is being used effectively — no reactive component
Define ‘apparent power’ and state its unit.
Apparent power is the vector sum of true and reactive power, measured in VA (Volt-Amps).
What is the formula for capacitive reactance (XC)?
XC = 1 / (2Ï€fC)
In a capacitive circuit, current leads or lags voltage?
Lead
What is the formula for calculating reactive power using current and reactance?
Q = I² × X (or Q = V² / X
What unit is used to measure reactive power?
VAR (Volt-Amps Reactive)
In an inductive circuit, does current lead or lag voltage?
Lag
Why does a pure inductor not dissipate power as heat?
Because an ideal inductor stores energy in its magnetic field and returns it to the source
What is the average true power in a purely inductive AC circuit?
Zero
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