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Why doesn't a prokaryotic cell undergo mitosis?

Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, and copying their circular chromosome does not need to be as coordinated/specialized.

TRUE or FALSE: Chromosomes are made of DNA only.

False: Chromosomes are made of DNA that is coiled around protein molecules.

TRUE or FALSE: Sister chromatids each have unique gene patterns. EXPLAIN.

False: Sister chromatids are copies of the same DNA and will share the same patterns as one another.

What is a gene?

section of DNA

What are stem cells?

Cells that have not be given a job.

What is differentiation?

When a cell is given a specific structure so it can carry out a specialized job.

What happens during cytokinesis in plants?

A cell plate grows in the middle of the nuclei to separate the cytoplasm and form two identical cells

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

The membrane pinches in (forming a cleavage furrow) and separates the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical cells

What happens during telophase?

two nuclei appear, chromosomes relax to chromatin, spindle fibers and centrioles disappear

What happens during anaphase?

spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids and move them to opposite ends of the cell

What happens during metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens during prophase?

nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin condenses to chromosomes, centrioles and spindle appear

What are the phases of mitosis in order in which they occur?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

What is the physical motion used to help remember mitotic spindle?

Answers may vary.

What is the mitotic spindle?

Microtubule fibers that move DNA by attaching to chromosomes to separate chromatids into respective nuclei

What is the physical motion used to help remember centriole?

Answers may vary.

What are centrioles?

Microtubule bundles found animal cells that help organize the spindle during mitosis

What is the physical motion used to help remember chromatid (sister chromatids)?

Answers may vary.

What is a chromatid (sister chromatids)?

Identical arms of a chromosome.

What is the physical motion used to help remember centromere?

Answers may vary.

What is a centromere?

The center of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together.

Why do chromosomes have an X shape?

DNA has already been replicated before it condenses, so the arms of the X are the identical copies.

What is the physical motion used to help remember chromosome?

Answers may vary.

What is a chromosome?

DNA condensed around proteins, found in dividing cells.

Why would dividing cells struggle if their DNA is in the form of chromatin?

It would be hard to accurately separate the copied DNA

What is the physical motion used to help remember chromatin?

Answers may vary.

What is chromatin?

spread out DNA found in non-dividing cells

When a cell divides, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio?

It gets more spread out.

What is a surface area to volume ratio?

comparison between surface area and volume of a cell

What happens to the exchange of nutrients and wastes when the cell grows too large?

The rate of exchange decreases, potentially causing issues for the cell not getting what it needs to survive and function properly.

What is DNA overload cells experience when they grow too large?

The DNA has trouble managing the cell.

What happens when a cell grows too large?

It divides.

What is the volume of a cell?

The space inside the cell--cytoplasm/organelles

What is the surface area of a cell?

The area covering the cell--cell membrane.

Chemotherapy drugs often cause people to lose their hair, explain why this happens?

Chemotherapy drugs damage all cells that are quick-dividing, not just the cancer cells that divide out of control.

Tobacco is an example of a carcinogen. Provide two additional examples.

Answers may vary.

What is a carcinogen?

a factor that causes cancer

What are the internal factors (proteins) called that help regulate the cell cycle?

cyclins

How are cancer cells different from normal cells?

They do not follow the rules for the cell cycle and divide out of control.

How it mitosis different from cytokinesis?

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

What is M phase of the cell cycle and what occurs during this phase?

mitosis and cytokinesis- division of the nucleus and cytoplasm

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

What are the stages of interphase (in order in which they occur) and what happens during each phase?

G1- Growth and organelle reproduction, S- DNA is copied, G2- Growth and preparations for division

Why do cells divide? (4 reasons for mitosis)

repair, reproduction, growth, regeneration

How is sexual reproduction different than asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction requires the combination of two genetically different parents and results in the production of genetically unique offspring.

What type of reproduction is mitosis/cytokinesis?

asexual reproduction

What process do prokaryotes use to copy their cells?

binary fission

What is the cell theory?

Cells are the basic unit of life; Cells come from other cells; All living things are made of cells.

Which types of cells use the cell cycle and mitosis to reproduce?

eukaryotic cells

What is the cell cycle?

The process cells go through that may lead to division.