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8th Grade Science Unit 7
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How can excess animal fats affect health?
Contribute to heart disease
What should be consumed in moderation according to the food pyramid?
Sweets and fried foods
What is at the base of the food pyramid?
Carbohydrates such as rice, bread, and pasta
Why do inactive people need fewer carbohydrates than active people?
They use less energy
Why do young people need more protein than adults?
To build new cells while growing
What happens if you consume more energy than your body uses?
Weight gain
What is the term for the food you eat each day?
Diet
When you straighten your arm, which muscle contracts and which relaxes?
Triceps contracts, biceps relaxes
When you bend your arm, which muscle contracts and which relaxes?
Biceps contracts, triceps relaxes
What two muscles work together to bend and straighten the arm?
Biceps and triceps
Why do muscles work in pairs called antagonistic muscles?
Because muscles can only pull, not push
What is muscle contraction?
When muscle cells make themselves shorter
What connects muscles to bones?
Tendons
What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket joint
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint
Why are joints necessary?
Because bones themselves cannot bend
What makes bones hard and strong?
Calcium
What is an endoskeleton?
A skeleton inside an animal's body
What animals have exoskeletons?
Insects and other arthropods
What is an exoskeleton?
A skeleton on the outside of an animal's body
What are particulates and how do they affect lungs?
Tiny particles that damage alveoli walls creating fewer, larger spaces in lungs
How does carbon monoxide affect the body?
Combines with hemoglobin preventing oxygen transport
What substance in tobacco causes cancer?
Tar
How does nicotine affect blood vessels?
Damages and narrows them, making blood flow harder
What addictive substance is found in tobacco?
Nicotine
Name three benefits of exercise.
Helps burn energy, strengthens heart and muscles, improves mood
What are the five stages of human development?
Baby (0-1 year), Toddler (1-3 years), Child (4-12 years), Adolescent (13-18 years), Adult (18-20 years)
What is the difference between growth and development?
Development involves changes in the body's functions and abilities, not just size
Why do pregnant women and growing children need protein and energy?
To help cells divide and support growth
Until what age does the human body continue to grow?
About 18-20 years old
What is an embryo?
A small ball of cells formed after cell division
How does a person begin life?
As a single cell
Name three consequences of consuming too much sugar, fat, or carbohydrates.
Tooth decay, diabetes risk, weight gain
What is cellulose?
The main component of fibre found in plant cell walls
What is fibre and why is it important?
A non-nutrient that helps prevent constipation by keeping the digestive process moving smoothly
Why do pregnant women need more iron?
To produce hemoglobin in both the mother's and baby's blood
Why do pregnant women need more protein than usual?
To support the growth of their baby
What five factors affect how much energy a person needs?
Activity level, resting lifestyle, genetics, growth phase, and body size
What percentage of the human body is water?
Approximately 60%
What mineral is required for haemoglobin production?
Iron
What mineral is necessary for strong bones and teeth?
Calcium
What condition can vitamin D deficiency cause?
Rickets
What is unique about vitamin D compared to other vitamins?
The body can produce it when skin is exposed to sunlight
What sources provide vitamin C?
Citrus fruits, potatoes, and colorful berries
What disease is caused by vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
What are good sources of vitamin A?
Green vegetables, carrots, squash, dairy products, and some fish
What can vitamin A deficiency lead to?
Night blindness
What vitamin is crucial for healthy vision?
Vitamin A
What additional function does stored fat provide besides energy storage?
Heat insulation
Where is fat stored in the body?
In specialized cells under the skin and around organs
Where does the body store carbohydrates for short-term energy?
In the liver and muscles
Name three sources of protein.
Meat, beans, eggs, and dairy products
What's the difference between fats and oils?
Fats remain solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid
What is the function of protein in the body?
Cell production, tissue repair, and formation of important substances like haemoglobin and antibodies
What happens when the body breaks down starch?
It converts to glucose
What are the body's primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
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