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Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
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How does a rain shadow affect climate and vegetation?
The windward side typically has a wetter, cooler climate and supports lush vegetation like forests. The leeward side, in contrast, is often arid with sparse veg
What is the rain called that falls on the windward side of a mountain?
relief rain
Define condensation
gas changing to a liquid
Define evaporation
liquid changing to a gas
What is the dry side of the mountain called?
 
leeward side
 
windward side
What is a rain shadow?
A dry area on the side of a mountain opposite to the wind.
How does the high specific heat of water affect climate?
It causes coastal areas to have cooler summers and warmer winters
Which substance has the lowest specific heat?
 
lead
 
liquid water
 
copper
 
glass
Which substance has the highest specific heat?
 
liquid water
 
basalt
 
copper
 
lead
Which substance has the lowest specific heat?
 
water vapor
 
solid water
 
liquid water
Which substance has the highest specific heat?
 
liquid water
 
solid water
 
ice
What is specific heat?
How much heat energy is needed to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius
Which cell is located at letter C?
 
Polar
 
Ferrel
 
Hadley
Which cell is located at letter B?
 
Ferrel
 
Hadley
 
Polar
Which cell is located at letter A?
 
Hadley
 
Ferrel
 
Polar
The Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the ____ in the Southern Hemisphere.
 
left
 
right
The Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the ____ in the Northern Hemisphere.
 
right
 
left
What is the main cause of Coriolis Effect?
 
Earth's rotation
 
wind
 
gravity
 
temperature
What is the name of the prevailing winds in the Ferrel Cell?
The Westerlies
Which atmospheric circulation cell is situated between 60° latitude and poles?
Polar
Which atmospheric circulation cell spans mid-latitudes between 30° and 60° in both hemispheres
Ferrel
Name the three circulation cells that surround the Earth.
Hadley Cell, Ferrel Cell, Polar Cell
What is the name of the prevailing winds that blow in the Hadley cell?
the Trade Winds
In what direction does a gyre move in the Northern hemisphere?
clockwise
What is a gyre?
A circular system of current moving in the same direction.
What is the Coriolis Effect?
movement of wind and water to the right or left caused by the Earth's rotation
Which is denser, fresh water or salt water?
salt water
Which is denser, hot water or cold water?
cold water
How do gyres affect climate?
Gyres transfer heat to the air which in turn heats the land.
How does a current form?
When water sinks due to density or differing temperatures
Name two factors that affect water density.
temperature and salinity
Name two areas (continents) where a major upwelling hotspot is found.
North America, South America, Northern and Southern Africa
Name the organism at the base of the ocean's food chain.
phytoplankton
Name two nutrients that are brought up in cold water during upwelling.
Nitrates and Phosphates
What is upwelling?
When wind pushes surface water away from the coastline and colder water comes up from the deep to replace it.
How could a change in salinity affect the global conveyor belt?
It could stop the global conveyor belt. Warmer, less dense water won't be dense enough to sink.
How could global warming influence salinity levels at the earth's poles?
Global warming brings rains. Rain DECREASES salinity.
How is the global conveyor belt important to the earth's food chain?
It feeds fish by bringing up nutrients from the deep
What drives the global conveyor belt?
density differences in the water
What is thermohaline circulation?
Water movements drive by differences in density.
How are deep currents generated in polar regions?
Dense water sinks to ocean floor, more water moves in to replace it, and a current forms. This repeats as new water gets cold and sinks.
How fast does the water in the global conveyor belt move?
a few centimeters per second
Which moves faster, the Global Conveyor Belt, or Surface Currents?
surface currents
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