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Why did Hungarian nationalism start to rise in the early 19th century?
to preserve the language and culture against Habsburg Germanization
Which ethnic group was mostly settled in Transylvania?
Romanians, Hungarians (Szeklers), and Saxons (Germans)
What role did the Habsburgs play in the ethnic diversity of Hungary?
The Habsburgs encouraged the settlement of Germans, Serbs, and Slovaks in depopulated areas.
Which ethnic group was the largest in Hungary in the 18th century?
Hungarians were the largest group but did not form an absolute majority.
How did the Hungarian nobility balance loyalty to the Habsburgs with their own autonomy?
By supporting the Habsburgs in exchange for privileges
What was the main cause of tensions between the Habsburgs and Hungary in the 18th century?
Habsburg centralization vs. Hungarian autonomy
What happened to most of Joseph II’s reforms after his death?
They were revoked in 1790
What was the language decree about?
official language: German (administration)
Why did Joseph II refuse to be crowned King of Hungary?
to avoid taking an oath to uphold Hungarian laws
What was the "Patent of Tolerance," and how did it affect religious minorities in Hungary?
religious freedom to Protestants and Orthodox Christians
What was the main aim of Joseph II’s reforms in Hungary?
Modernizing and centralizing the empire
What nickname was given to Joseph II?
"Kalapos Király"
What was the relationship like between Maria Theresa and the Hungarian nobility?
relied on their support while maintaining central authority
How did Maria Theresa handle religious issues in Hungary?
She was a Catholic, opposed Protestantism but allowed limited religious tolerance
Name an educational reform of MT with date (why was it important)?
Ratio Educationis, 1777
Which major economic reform did Maria Theresa introduce in Hungary?
economic reforms, including new taxation policies, double tariff system
What war broke out due to her contested succession?
The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
What was the name of the law that allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the throne despite being a woman?
The Pragmatic Sanction (1713) allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the throne.
Where did Ferenc II Rákóczi go into exile after the failure of the uprising?
Rákóczi went into exile in the Ottoman Empire, specifically in Rodosto
What treaty ended the Rákóczi Freedom Fight in 1711?
Treaty of Szatmár (1711)
What was the name of the Hungarian army fighting in the Rákóczi Freedom Fight?
The Hungarian army was called the Kuruc army.
What European power provided some support to Rákóczi’s forces?
France provided some support, but it was limited.
What was the main goal of the Rákóczi Freedom Fight?
The main goal was to achieve independence from Habsburg rule and restore Hungarian autonomy.
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