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Biology Midterm Exam Vocabulary and Concepts
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Erosion
The process of soil and rock being removed by natural forces.
Biomagnification
Increase in toxin concentration up the food chain.
Limiting Factors
Factors that restrict population growth (e.g., food, water, space).
Logistic Growth
Population growth that slows and stabilizes at carrying capacity.
Exponential Growth
Rapid population increase under ideal conditions.
Keystone Species
A species with a critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure.
Competition
Organisms competing for limited resources.
Commensalism
A relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.
Mutualism
A relationship where both organisms benefit.
Predation
Interaction where one organism preys on another.
Decomposer
Breaks down dead organisms.
Omnivore
Eats both plants and animals.
Carnivore
Eats animals.
Herbivore
Eats plants.
Consumers
Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.
Producers
Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants).
Abiotic
Non-living components of an ecosystem.
Biotic
Living components of an ecosystem.
Isotonic
Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell.
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water gain.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water loss.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against a gradient, requiring energy.
Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
Glucose
A simple sugar and energy source.
Meiosis
Cell division producing gametes with half the chromosome number.
Mitosis (PMAT)
Process of cell division for growth and repair (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
Cellular Respiration
Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (glucose) by plants.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network for protein and lipid synthesis (smooth and rough types).
Chloroplast
Performs photosynthesis in plant cells.
Ribosome
Synthesizes proteins.
Central Vacuole
A large storage organelle in plant cells.
Cell Membrane
A semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure in plant cells providing support and protection.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.
Nucleus
Control center of a eukaryotic cell containing DNA.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information.
Animal
Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall or chloroplasts.
Plant
Eukaryotic cells with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
Prokaryotic
Cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic
Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animal and plant cells).
Positive Feedback
A mechanism that amplifies a response (e.g., childbirth contractions).
Negative Feedback
A mechanism that reduces a deviation to maintain equilibrium (e.g., temperature regulation).
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and forms waste.
Liver
Processes nutrients, detoxifies, and produces bile.
Small Intestine
Absorbs nutrients from digested food.
Stomach
Digests food chemically and mechanically.
Heart
Pumps blood throughout the circulatory system.
Lungs
Primary organ for oxygen exchange in the respiratory system.
Integumentary System
Protects the body. Includes skin, hair, and nails.
Muscular System
Enables movement and maintains posture. Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Nervous System
Controls body functions and responses. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Digestive System
Breaks down food into nutrients and removes waste. Includes the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Respiratory System
Facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Includes the lungs and airways.
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
Transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste. Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Metabolism (Energy)
All chemical reactions in an organism that allow it to grow, reproduce, and maintain structure.
Reproduction
The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.
Organization
The structured arrangement of cells and systems in an organism.
Evolution
The process by which populations of organisms change over time.
Response to Stimuli
The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in their environment.
Homeostasis
The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain stable conditions.
Growth & Development
Increase in size and changes that occur over an organism's life span.
Biosphere
The global ecological system that includes all living beings and their relationships with the environment.
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.
Community
Different populations of species living and interacting in the same area.
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
Organism
An individual living entity capable of growth, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.
Organ System
A group of organs that work together to perform vital body functions.
Organ
A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific task.
Tissue
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
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