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IGCSE BIOLOGY GENERAL REVIEW Ch. 1-5
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Use all your knowledge about ENZYMES to explain the following image:
The rate of reaction is affected by pH, not all enzymes work at the same pH, there's an optimum pH, denaturalisation, etc.
Name the 4 factors that affect the RATE of ENZYME ACTION.
Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme, concentration of substrate.
Explain how ENZYMES work and give 2 examples.
Biological catalists, lock-key model, enzyme-substrate complex, optimum ph and T°... Brewing, washing powders, digestion, photosynthesis, etc.
How would you test the presence of VITAMIN C?
Add a few drops of DCPIP (blue dye) and in the presence of Vitamin C, it turns COLOURLESS.
How would you test the presence of FATS?
EMULSION test: alcohol + water. MILKY-WHITE emulsion.
How would you test the presence of PROTEINS?
Add BIURET REAGENT, it turns PURPLE in the presence of proteins.
How would you test the presence of REDUCING SUGARS? (simple sugars)
Add BENNEDICT'S REAGENT (blue), mix, heat in a water bath for 3min. In the presence of sugar a RED PRECIPITATED appears.
How would you test for STARCH?
Add some drops of IODINE SOLUTION (orange), in the presence of starch it turns DARK BLUE.
The image represents 3 biological molecules. Name them and identify each structure of the diagrams.
1. Fat molecule / 2. Protein molecule/ 3. Carbohydrate molecule
Name the 3 factors that may affect the rate of diffusion.
1. Temperature, 2. Concentration gradient, 3. Surface area
With all the info from the picture classify each solution depending on its tonicity
1. Hypertonic solution / 2. Isotonic solution / 3.Hypotonic solution
Explain what happens to the cells in each case due to Osmosis:
1. No change in size / 2. Cell shrinks (plasmolysis) / 3. Cell swells up (turgid in plants, bursts in animals)
Explain the difference between PASSIVE and ACTIVE transport.
Active transport: movement of particles AGAINST a concentration gradient and using energy from cellular respiration.
Define the term OSMOSIS and name 1 example
NET MOVEMENT of WATER MOLECULES from a region of HIGHER WATER POTENTIAL (diluted) to a region of LOWER WATER POTENTIAL (concentrated) through a SEMIPERMEABLE ME
Define the term DIFUSSION and name 2 examples.
NET MOVEMENT of molecules and ions from a region of their HIGHER CONCENTRATION to a region of their LOWER CONCENTRATION down a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (random)
Explain how to calculate the MAGNIFICATION of an image.
M= I/A Magnification = Observed size of the IMAGE (or drawing) / ACTUAL size of the specimen
The picture shows and ANIMAL cell and a PALLISADE cell. Identify them and name their components.
Animal: Cell membrane, nucleous, mitochondria, cytoplasm. Plant: the same as animal PLUS cell wall, chloroplasts and big vacuole.
Why viruses are not considered living organisms and why aren't destroyed by antibiotics?
They can't live without a host (no MRS GREN). Antibiotics attack bacterial structures that viruses don't have (cell wall, cell membreane)
Flowering plants can be classified into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledonds. Explain their 4 main differences.
Leaf shape (long and narrow vs braod), leaf veins (parallel vs branching), number of cotyledons (1 vs 2), grouping of flower parts (3 vs 5)
Name the principal clases of the following groups: VERTEBRATES, ARTHROPODS, MOLLUSCS
VERTEBRATES: Mammals, Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians, Birds / ARTHROPODS: Crustaceans, Arachnids, Myriapods, Insects / MOLLUSCS: Bivalves, Gastropods, Cephalopods
Biologists compare the s_________ of the b______in the ____ of organisms from different species to see how related they are.
sequences - bases
Explain what is the BINOMIAL SYSTEM and how it is used.
A system of naming species in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the GENUS and the SPECIES. Eg. Homo sapiens
Define the term SPECIES
A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
Name the characteristics of all living organisms.
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
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