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These engineering methods are man-made structures and interventions designed to control coastal erosion and flooding, such as seawalls, groynes, and breakwaters.
Hard Engineering Methods
These are the periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.
Tides
A narrow strip of sand or gravel that connects an offshore island to the mainland, formed by the deposition of sediment by waves and currents.
A Tombolo
A geological landform consisting of a steep, vertical column of rock that is isolated from the mainland by erosion, typically found along coastlines.
A (Sea) Stack
The natural process by which rock, soil, or sediment is loosened, transported, and removed from one place to another by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
Erosion
This coastal management strategy is the process of adding sand or sediment to a beach to replenish or restore its eroded shoreline and enhance its recreational and protective functions.
Beach Nourishment
These are ormed by the transfer of energy from the wind to the water's surface, causing the water particles to move in a circular motion.
Waves
A narrow coastal landform consisting of sand or gravel that extends from the shoreline into open water, typically formed by longshore drift.
A Spit
A coastal landform formed by the erosion of a sea cave, resulting in an arch-shaped rock formation along the shoreline.
A Sea Arch
The process by which rocks and minerals are broken down or altered at the Earth's surface by various environmental factors such as wind, water, and temperature changes.
Weathering
The bending of waves as they approach the coastline, causing them to change direction and align more parallel to the shore, resulting in the concentration of wave energy on headlands and the spreading out of wave energy
Wave Refraction
A long, narrow island parallel to the mainland coast, separated from the mainland by a lagoon or estuary and formed by the deposition of sand and sediment by waves and currents.
A Barrier Island
The engineering method which involves environmentally friendly approaches to coastal management that work with natural processes to reduce erosion and flooding, such as beach nourishment, dune restoration, and managed retreat.
Soft Engineering Methods
The process by which sediment is transported along the coastline by the movement of waves and currents at an angle to the shore.
Longshore Drift
A high, elevated coastal landform that extends out into the sea, typically composed of resistant rock that is more resistant to erosion than the surrounding coastline.
A Headland
A series of large ocean waves caused by underwater seismic activity, such as an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide, that can cause widespread destruction and flooding when they reach the coastline.
A Tsunami
A coastal feature formed by the erosion of a sea cave, resulting in a hole or opening through which water is forced upward in a fountain-like spray when waves enter the cave.
A Blowhole
This process involves the movement of sediment along the coastline by waves, currents, and tides, including longshore drift, beach drift, and tidal currents.
Coastal Transportation Processes
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