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Physical Science Chapter 8 Review - Nuclear Chan ...
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Explain why nuclear reactions don't violate the law of conservation of matter.
During nuclear process, mass is converted into energy, not lost. E=mc2 tells us that energy & mass are equivalent; isn't destroyed, only transformed new form
Compare nuclear fission & fusion.
Fisson/fusion both nuclear reactions. Fission- splitting 2 or more smaller nuclei. Fusion- releases more energy than fission does.
How do alpha and beta decay differ from artificial transmutations?
Both occur spontaneously, while artificial transmutations are manmade.
Can we predict when a single atom of a radioactive isotope will decay? Explain.
No. Radioactive decay- random process-spontaneously. Half-life give the time of half of a sample to decay, doesn't allow us to predict future of decay event.
Why is it surprising that protons remain close together in the nucleus? What force is believed to hold these protons close to each other?
Protons= + charge, & like charges repel. The strong force holds the p's & n's together in the nucleus.
What is a nuclear change?
Convert one isotope into another by changing the composition of the nucleus.
What is a chemical change?
Alter the composition of compounds by breaking and forming chemical bonds to rearrange atoms into new substances.
What is a physical change?
Alter the appearance of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
How does CT technology differ from x-rays?
CT combines multiple x-ray images into a cross-sectional image of the body.
Name a manmade source of radiation. Provide 2 examples.
nuclear medicine, medical procedures, electronic devices, food irradiation devices.
How does fusion impact our lives on Earth?
Fusion is essential to life on Earth. Fusion-nuclear reaction-energy from sun Energy is emitted into space-provides food energy for living organisms on Earth.
What does it mean for fissionable material to have subcritical mass?
Not enough mass/mass is too spread out to maintain a chain reaction. The neutrons that are produced escape before they can start other reactions.
In what application of fission would supercritical mass be desired? Explain.
Supercritical mass -goal- fission weapon. The mass would allow the reaction to proceed uncontrolled producing a lot of energy in a short period of time.
What is a chain reaction?
Typically neutrons, from one reaction can start additional reactions.
Why were scientists surprised that they produced barium after crashing a neutron into a uranium atom?
They were trying to form heavier-than-uranium elements, and barium is significantly lighter.
What happens to a sample of an isotope during one half-life?
In one half-life approximately half the nuclei will decay into more stable nuclei.
Which type of radioactive decay does not result in a new element?
Gamma decay causes a change in energy in the nucleus. It doesn't changes its composition.
Why are some isotopes stable while others are unstable & experience radioactive decay?
Strong forces holds P & N together in nucleus. Stable= proper ratio of N to P. Unstable= will decay nucleus with a lower energy state, which is more stable.
What happens to an atom during radioactive decay?
Spontaneously emits particles, energy, or both from its nucleus in order to become more stable
Summarize the discoveries that led to the discovery of radioactivity.
Wihelm Rontgen-x-rays in 1895. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity -studying x-rays. Ernest Rutherford/Paul Villard 3 forms of decay-alpha, beta, gamma


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