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trajectory

course of movement

shrouded

covered, hidden

fastidious

giving too much attention to small details and wanting everything to be correct and perfect

relent

accepting and agreeing reluctantly

delectable

pleasurable

poignant

causing or having a very sharp feeling of sadness

resilient

able to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened

hegemony

to be the strongest

impetus

something that encourages a particular activity or makes that activity more energetic or effective

confluence

a situation in which two things join or come together

levity

humour or lack of seriousness, especially during a serious occasion

slighted

insulted, abused

polarize

to separate and divide

tarnish

to make or (especially of metal) become less bright or a different colour

intimation

the action of making clear what you think or want without saying it directly, or something that makes something clear in this way

demolition

destroy sth a building

profuse

produced or given in large amounts

erroneous

wrong or false

squint

to partly close your eyes in order to see more clearly

decry

to criticize something as bad, without value, or unnecessary

smear

to spread a liquid or a thick substance over a surface

denote

to show

confiscate

take something away because it does not fit with the rules

to be afflicted with

to suffer from (usu. an illness)

indulge

to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you

bolster

to support or improve something or make it stronger

stint

a period of time spent doing something

effigy

monument, sculpture

patronize

condescending, To assume an air of superiority

transcend

To pass or extend beyond or above

perspire

to sweat

truncate

To shorten or diminish by cutting off a part

antagonistic

showing or feeling opposition

acquittal

an official decision in court that a person is not guilty of a crime

sojourn

to stay for a short time in a place away from your home

referral

the act of sending somebody who needs professional help to a person or place that can provide it

scrupulous

careful about paying attention to every detail

erratic

not following any plan or regular pattern

debacle

an event or a situation that is a complete failure and causes people to feel ashamed or embarrassed

mayhem

chaos, great lack of order, usually in a terrible event

complicity

the act of taking part with another person in a crime

defamation

the act of damaging somebody’s reputation by saying or writing bad or false things about them

calamity

natural disaster

camaraderie

friendship

quench

quench your thirst to drink so that you no longer feel thirsty

parry

to defend yourself against someone who is attacking you

replenish

to make full

fret

to be worried, not be able to relax

protruding

sticking out

dilapidated

in very bad condition

irate

very angry

ravenous

starving, extremely hungry

salient

most important or easy to notice

lustrous

shiny and soft

spasmodic

happening suddenly for short periods of time; not regular or continuous

propitious

likely to produce a successful result

decry

to say publicly that you do not approve of someone or something

repatriate

to send money that you earn in a foreign country back to your own country

crack down

to start dealing with someone or something much more strictly

clientele

customers

prowess

great skill or ability

to become dwarfed

to become smaller

idyllic

extremely beautiful and peaceful, not having problems

succumb

to lose your ability to fight against someone or something, and to allow them to control or persuade you

bottle up

to stop yourself from showing negative emotions like anger and disappointment, especially over a long period, so that these feelings develop in a harmful way

fritter away

to waste time or money on things that are not necessary or important

ride out

to get to the end of a difficult or dangerous period or situation without any serious problems

copious

in large amounts

divulge

to give information about something, especially something that should be kept secret

contentious

causing disagreement between people or groups

spurious

not real or sincere

shun

to deliberately avoid a person, place, or activity

vindication

to prove that someone who was accused of a crime or dishonest act is not guilty

venerate

to respect or worship someone or something

immaculate

pure white, spotless, completely clean

voraciously

eating a large amount of food

reprimand

to tell someone officially and in a serious way that something they have done is wrong

pertinent

relevant, to the point

amass

to collect a lot of something such as money or information over a period of time

juncture

a stage of a process or activity

semblance

a situation in which something only appears in a small amount

swindle

to cheat someone in order to get their money

extrapolate

to say what is likely to happen or be true by using information that you already have

rift between

a disagreement between two people or groups

recoup

to get back money that you have invested or lost

respire

breathe

threshold

a limit at which an arrangement or situation changes (ex. safety lines)

contracture

shrinking

perish

to die, usually because of an illness or something that happens suddenly

frail

weak, helpless physically

impaired

if your body’s ability to do something is impaired, you are not fully able to do it

hypoxia

a condition in which not enough oxygen reaches the body’s tissues

splendour

the beautiful and impressive features of something

recount

say what happened

troposphere

the lowest part of the Earth’s atmosphere, between the surface and a height of 10 km

biosphere

the parts of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere where plant and animal life can exist

bow out

to give up a job or position, especially when you have had it for a long time

pull through

to succeed in a very difficult situation, or to help someone to do this

pass up

to not take advantage of an opportunity

pin down

to understand or describe something exactly

drum up

to try to make people support you or buy something from you

lap up

to enjoy something and be keen to get more of it

top off

to finish something with a final activity or detail

chalk up

to score points, or to achieve success in a game

brush over

ignore

mark down

to intend or plan that a particular thing should happen to someone or something

knock out

to make someone unconscious

lash out

to criticize someone or something angrily

crack down

start dealing with someone or something much more strictly

play down

to try to make a problem or difficult situation seem less important than it is

choke off

choke. prevent from developing

hammer out

to reach a decision or agreement after discussing it or arguing about it for a long time

rake in

earn a lot of money

saw off

to remove something by cutting through it with a saw or a knife

nail up

to use nails to fasten a door or window firmly shut

draw out

to make something continue longer than usual

mark up

to increase the price of something, especially something that you bought for a lower price/ to correct or write notes or instructions on a piece of writing, esp

blot out

to forget something unpleasant, or to make someone forget an unpleasant memory or feeling

spin out

to make something last for a long time, usually longer than is good or necessary

sound out

to try to find out someone’s opinions, ideas, feelings etc by talking to them

burn up

destroy, exhaust, use fuel for sth to work

ease up

to become less severe towards someone

dole out

to give something, such as food or money, to a particular group of people or to every person in a group

scratch out

to remove a word from a sentence or something from a list by drawing a line through it

scrape by

to have enough money to pay for the things that you really need in order to live, but no more

chew over

to think about something carefully or discuss it carefully with other people before making a decision about it

grapple with

to try hard to understand a difficult idea or to solve a difficult problem

attest

to give proof or be evidence that something is true

rub off

if a quality that someone has rubs off, it starts to affect another person so that they start to have that quality too

boil down to

to be the main reason for something or the most basic part of something

skim off

if someone skims money, they take small amounts from somewhere so that people do not notice it is gone

thrash out

to discuss something until you find a solution or reach an agreement

gnaw at

if something gnaws at you, you keep worrying about it or feeling upset about it

bank on

to depend on something happening or on someone doing something

infringe

to break a law, rule, or agreement

temporal

relating to time

confederate

someone who works with you to achieve something, often something secret or illegal

oblivious

not noticing something, or not knowing about it

perennial

always existing, or never seeming to change

tarnish

an opinion/reputation, becomes worse, gets "dirty"

disillusioned

disappointed because you have discovered that someone or something is not as good as you had believed

turnabout

an important change in something

arbitrary

not based on any particular plan, or not done for any particular reason, used about actions that are considered to be unfair

be in a quandary

uncertain, indecision, to not know what to do next

congregate

interact as a group

manoeuvre

an action or movement that you need care or skill to do

courtroom

a room where legal cases are judged

petition

a document signed by many people that asks someone in authority to do something

habeas corpus

a judge’s order to bring a prisoner into court so that the court can decide whether the prisoner should stay in prison or not

anomaly

unusual, unexpected

innate

an innate quality or ability is one that you have always had

militaristic

(of country/people) needs strong armed forces, believes it is necessary to have a strong army, defense, offence and weapons,

excavation

to dig a large hole in the ground (to find ancient objects)

renowned

famous and admired for achievements and skill

archaeology

the study of ancient society by looking at their objects etc

prone to

likely to do something (ex. catch a flu)

hunter-gatherer

about ancient people who lived by hunting or gathering food from nature

warfare

the activity of fighting a war, everything related to it

bogus

fake, not real, although pretending to be real

shoddy

very low quality

siphon off

to move money from one bank account to another, especially illegally or dishonestly

impediment

obstacle, makes it difficult to do sth

kickback

money paid illegally to someone in exchange for something that they have done for you

counterfeit

(about objects) illegal copies made to trick people

brushstroke

a mark left on a surface by the movement of a brush

ceaselessly

continuing without stopping

solitary

solo, individual, alone

cryptic

mysterious, difficult to understand

equation

5x-3=27 mathematical statement

inherent

basic, essential

refutation

say that a statement is false but without evidence

wholly

entirely

per capita

per person, each person

illiteracy

inability to read

plethora

a greater amount than what you need or want

slur

speech problem, sounds are not made clearly (ex drunk, tired)

stutter

speech problem, repeat sounds in uncontrolled way

avian

related to birds, family of birds

benchmark

a standard to judge how good or bad sth is

exploitative

treating people unfairly in order to get some benefit for yourself

interdependence

about things that rely on each other in order to function/exist

rodent

small animals, like mice, rats etc (the big family)

astrocyte

type glial cell in the brain

glia

cells that connect the nervous system

readily

easily, quickly

clemency

decision not to punish sb, mercy (made by sb with authority)

duplicity

dishonest behaviour that is intended to trick sb

contingency

sth that might happen in the future, that is bad

asperity

sounding annoyed and impatient when saying sth

salubrious

(place) pleasant and comfortable to live in

irascible

easily becoming angry

stringent

(about rules) are strict and make you achieve high standards

flagrant

doing sth in an obvious way that shows you do not care you break the rules

coerce

make sb do sth by force using threats

condone

approve of behavior that most people think is wrong

vent

express feelings of anger very strongly

insinuate

to say sth bad in an indirect way

hinder

stop from making progress

demarcate

decide the limits of sth, about space

sanction

punishment by law for breaking a rule

blunder

careless and embarrassing mistake

acrid

(smell/taste) very strong, bitter and unpleasant

dingy

dark in an unpleasant way, looks dirty

ornate

decorated in a complicated way

insolence

rude, impolite

assessment

evaluation, judgement

conjecture

theory based on information that is not complete

remuneration

payment or other rewards for your work

exposition

detailed clear description of an idea, or the action of explaining sth

deviation

a difference from the usual or expected way of doing sth

volition

intention, will, ability to decide to do sth

imposition

to introduce sth new, like a new law or system

belie

to make sb or sth different from how they are

distend

to swell or make sth swell

abate

gradually become less serious or extreme

refute

prove that a statement is untrue

appease

do sth so sb feels less angry

flout

deliberately refuse to obey a rule or custom

pledge

promise sth seriously and officially

inscribe

record an achievement by writing it (ex stone)

mandatory

ordered by law or rule, obligation

remedial

intended to improve or correct sth

dormant

something that is not active, but that may become active

lucrative

bringing a lot of money

clamber

climb sth with difficulty, with your hands and feet

pander

say something just to please, but without believing it

simper

smile in a way that is not sincere

muster

to enhance a feeling, like determination

intrepid

not afraid to do dangerous things

explicit

very clear, leaving no doubt; reletaed to violence or intimacy

prolific

(person) a big quantity of their profession

soporific

for things that are very boring

debar

to stop someone doing something

relent

change your mind to allow sth or sb to do sth

extort

illegaly get money or info using force or threats, blackmailing

dispel

get rid of any unpleasant feeling or false beliefs

vortex

(nature)air or water that spins in a powerful way, (feelings) not in control, very intense

breech

(of births) the baby comes out with feeth first

spore

from mushrooms, like pollen, one cell

plight

sad, serious or difficult situation

violation

an action that is an opposition to law

affinity

natural understanding of sth

iniquity

situation that is immoral or unfair

prerequisite

sth that must exist or happen before sth else is possible

diverge

develop in a different way after it was the same, start to go in different directions

invigorate

to give sth/sb energy

alleviate

make something less severe, serious

besiege

surround something in order to control it and dominate it, military strategy

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