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What is this?
contrails
What is 'contrails' short for?
condensation trails
. What are contrails primarily composed of?
water in the form of ice crystals
What is the name of the cloud created from spread contrails?
cirrus aviaticus
How much can the use of biofuels reduce contrail generation, according to the research performed with flying DC-8 ?
50 to 70 percent, using a 50% blend of conventional Jet A1 fuel and HEFA
What negative effect on global warming do contrails have?
They act as a radiative forcing - trap the heat in the atmosphere
Give three ideas how the noise pollution can be reduced.
improving engines, restrictions on flights during night, using blast fences
Give example of different waste generated by aviation industry. (5)
terminal waste (plastic/ glass/ paper), sewage, vehicles, transport to/ from airport, maintenance fluids,
What is the de-icing fluid mage of?
45% water and 55% glycol
What does an aircraft emit while flying?
nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, water vapor, sulfur oxides, lead, black carbon
Give five ideas how the negative influence of aviation on environment can be reduced.
improving fuel-efficiency of engines, improving aerodynamics, using more lightweight materials, imposing taxes, reducing domestic flights, improving operations
What is the greenhouse gases emission created by aviation industry (which includes all greenhouse gases, not only CO2)?
1.9%
What is the CO2 emission of aviation industry?
2.5% of total emission
What is 'effective radiative forcing’? What should be taken into consideration when calculatng it?
It's the total impact on warming: CO2- less than half; 66% - non-CO2 forcings; contrails
Explain what "replenished" means.
Filled up again; freshened
Explain what "gauge" means.
An instrument for measuring or testing
Explain what "payload" means.
The weight of passengers, bags, cargo and fuel
Explain what "renewable" means.
not depleted when used
Explain what "habitat" means.
natural home of an animal, plant, or other organism
Explain what "outperform" means.
do better in comparison with something else
Explain what "flood" means.
put too much liquid into the space (flood the engine)
Explain what "run out of" means.
something has finished
Explain what "fuel starvation" means.
failure of fuel to reach the engine
Give the negative form of the following: able
disable, unable
Give the negative form of the following: prove
disprove
Give the negative form of the following: adequate
inadequate
Give the negative form of the following: sufficient
insufficient
Give the negative form of the following: estimate
underestimate
Give the negative form of the following: weight
overweight


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