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Nervous System
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Which disease is characterized by tremors, stiffness, and bradykinesia?
Parkinson’s Disease
What is the term used to describe a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain?
Epilepsy
What is the term used to describe a disruption in the blood supply to the brain and is also known as a stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
What is the term used to describe an abnormal mass of tissue in the brain in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably?
Intracranial tumor
What is the term used to describe the type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior?
Alzheimer’s Disease
What is the term used to describe an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain?
Hydrocephalus
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the meninges and the brain.?
Meningoencephalitis
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord?
Meningitis
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the brain?
Encephalitis
What does an abnormal Babinski reflex look like in an adult?
the foot will dorsiflex (point towards shin of leg)
Which neonatal reflexes do not disappear and are considered normal to retain as an adult? (3)
blinking; pupillary response (constriction of pupils to light); withdrawing (removing body part from painful stimuli)
Which neonatal reflex occurs when the lateral side of the bottom of the foot is stroked and the toes fan?
Babinski
Which neonatal reflex occurs when the head is facing right, and the right arm shoots out in front while the left arm raises above the head?
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck/Tonic Neck
Which neonatal reflex occurs when a baby's palm is stroked and they grab the finger tightly?
Grasp
Which neonatal reflex occurs when a baby is held under the armpits with legs dangling and baby will "walk"?
Step
Which neonatal reflex is also known as the startle reflex when suddenly lowering a baby will cause the arms and legs to throw out?
Moro
Which neonatal reflex is stimulated by touching a finger to a baby’s cheek or the corner of the mouth?
Rooting
Why are neonatal/newborn reflexes important? (2)
Important for survival; Tells a physician about the health and development of the nervous system
What happens during a reflex arc?
The brain is bypassed via interneurons in the spinal cord & movements occur quickly
What is the term used to describe an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus?
Reflex
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would the digestive system slow down?
Sympathetic response
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would the pupils constrict? (smaller, lets less light in)
Parasympathetic response
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would breathing decrease?
Parasympathetic response
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would heart rate increase?
Sympathetic response
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic- “fight or flight”; Parasympathetic- “rest and digest”
Which division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses between the central nervous system and many internal organs?
Autonomic
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)- tongue movement
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Accessory/Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)- head and neck movement
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Vagus Nerves (X)- longest cranial nerve; innervates internal organs
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)- taste; sensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; swallowing.
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)- hearing; balance
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Facial Nerves (VII)- taste, sensory information from ear; facial expression.
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Abducens Nerves (VI)- eye movement
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Trigeminal Nerves (V)- largest cranial nerve; important for chewing and sensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Trochlear Nerves (IV)- eye movement
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Oculomotor Nerves (III)- eye movement; pupil constriction
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Optic Nerves (II)- vision
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Olfactory Nerves (I)- smell
What are the 2 main divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Somatic system- cranial and spinal nerves, voluntary; Autonomic system- automatic, involuntary
How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
31
How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
12
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? (4)
Makes the brain buoyant; Acts as a buffer/shock absorber; Circulates nutrients throughout the CNS; Removes waste from CNS into the bloodstream
What lines the ventricles?
Ependymal cells- glial cells that produce/secrete cerebrospinal fluid
What is the term for the 4 hollow spaces located in the brain?
Ventricles
Which layer of the meninges is the innermost layer?
Pia mater
Which layer of the meninges is the middle, delicate web-like layer?
Arachnoid membrane
Which layer of the meninges is the tough, thick outer layer?
Dura mater
What is the term for the layers/membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
What is the main function of the spinal cord?
It carries messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands (connects the brain and peripheral nervous system)
What is the lowest portion of the brainstem (connects with the spinal cord) and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the middle portion of the brainstem located just below the midbrain?
Pons
What is the top portion of the brainstem located just below the cerebrum?
Midbrain
What is the name of the lower part of the brain, adjoining, and structurally continuous with, the spinal cord?
Brainstem
What part of the diencephalon is an integral part of the endocrine system and regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
What part of the diencephalon acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses going to and from the spinal cord and cerebrum?
Thalamus
What is located between the cerebrum and the midbrain (top of brainstem)?
Diencephalon- includes thalamus and hypothalamus
Which section of the brain is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance and posture and motor learning? (circled in red)
Cerebellum
Which lobe of the brain is considered the visual center of the brain?
Occipital Lobe
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing, vision, and visual memories? (circled in red)
Temporal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain processes tactile sensory information such as taste, temp, and touch? (circled in red)
Parietal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain is considered to be the “control panel” of personality? (circled in red)
Frontal Lobe
What is the largest section of the brain; responsible for reasoning, thought and memory? (circled in red)
Cerebrum
What is the mass of nerve tissue encased by the skull?
Brain
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system and what structures do they include?
Central Nervous System (CNS)- brain & spinal cord; Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- nerves outside CNS (nerves that reach all parts of the body)
What are the functions of neuroglial cells? (3)
Provide nutrient support, maintain homeostasis, and produce myelin sheath
Which type of neurons are only found in the CNS and enables communication between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and the CNS?
Interneurons
Which type of neuron carries information to the muscles, glands, and organs of the body?
Motor or efferent neurons
Which type of neuron carries information to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)?
Sensory or afferent neurons
How does an impulse travel from one neuron to another?
Chemical neurotransmitters help the impulse travel across the synaptic cleft
The axon of one neuron lies next to the dendrites of another. What is the name of the space between the two neurons?
Synaptic cleft- gap between two neurons in a synapse
What is name of the periodic gaps on the axon? (circled in red)
Nodes of Ranvier
What is the lipid (fatty) covering on the axon? (circled in red)
Myelin sheath- speeds up impulses
What carries impulses away from the cell body? (circled in red)
Axon
What brings impulses to the nucleus? (circled in red)
Dendrites
What houses the nucleus in a neuron? (circled in red)
Soma or cell body
What is the brain of a neuron? (circled in red)
Nucleus
Name the 2 types of cells in the nervous system.
Neurons (conduct impulses); Neuroglial cells or glia (do not conduct impulses)
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