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I meant no harm. – Простите, я нечаянно.( in the bus). On what level has the translation done?
On a situational level
.... presupposes the closest possible formal correspondence between the source text and the target text.
Structural similarity
... implies describing the same situation, using similar lexical meaning of the units, and similar grammatical meaning of the elements.
Semantic identity
Every text should be equivalent to the source text ..., which means that the both texts should have one and the same communicative function. The target text should have the same impact upon the receptor as the source text has.
pragmatically
Viewed from the semiotic angle, the source and target texts can be identical ...
pragmatically, semantically and structurally.
distinguishes semantic translation - as the attempt to render as closely as possible the semantic and syntactic structures of the target language, from literal translation, when the primary senses of the lexical words of the original are tr
P. Newmark
Recently translation theorists have begun to relate literal translation to the so-called ...
semantic translation
Recently translation theorists have begun to relate free translation to ...
communicative translation
the outstanding Russian novel by Ilf and Petrov «Двенадцать стульев» is known in the United States as ...
“Diamonds to Sit On”
Free translation is also admitted in ...
the titles of novels, movies,
Nevertheless, free translation is appropriate in some cases: ... translations are done with a certain degree of freedom.
poetry
In some works, literal translation is called “...” translation
faithful
herb – not герб, but лекарственная трава,conductor – not кондуктор, but дирижер
“translator’s false friends”
Translation adequacy is achieved by ... types of regular correlations
3
the notion of adequate translation comprises that of equivalent. According to him, an adequate target text describes the same reality as does the source text and at the same time it produces the same effect upon the receptor.
Y. Retsker states
… considers them to denote non-identical but closely related notions. He claims that adequate translation is broader in meaning than equivalent translation. Adequate translation is good translation, as it provides communication in full. Equ
Komissarov
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