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B3- Biological molecules
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What are chemical reactions that are going on all the time in every living organism?
Metabolic reaction
Water is an important […]
Solvent
Carbohydrates include … and ….
starch and sugar
Carbohydrates’ molecules contain …, … and … atoms
COH- carbon(C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H)
The simplest kinds of carbohydrates are the simple sugars AKA ….
Monosaccarides
What is the formula of a glucose molecule?
C₆H₁₂O₆
If two simple sugar molecules join together, a larger molecule called a complex sugar AKA
Disaccharide
Two examples of complex sugars are…, and …
sucrose and maltose
A polysaccharide is a very large molecule containing … of sugar molecules joined together in a ling chain.
THOUSANDS
Starch, Cellulose and glycogen are examples of …
Polysaccharides
Which of these is a polysaccharide often found in animal cells?
glycogen
Most polysaccharides are soluble/insoluble and taste sweet/do not taste sweet.
Most polysaccharides are soluble and taste do not taste sweet.
One gram of carbohydrate releases …kJ of energy by respiration. How many g/kJ?
17kJ
What carbohydrate is usually used in respiration?
Glucose
Plants are also use glucose in respiration, to provide them with energy. However, they do not transport glucose around their bodies. Instead, they transport … The cells change …. into glucose when they need to use it.
Sucrose
Plants store carbohydrates as … It is quick and easy to change glucose into… or … into glucose. Some plants use large quantities of … in their seeds or tubers and we use it as food.
Starch
The polysaccharide cellulose is used to make the criss-crossing fibers from which the plant … … are constructed. They help maintain the shape of the plant cell.
Cell wall
Test for starch: Add … solution to a sample of food. A …/… color appears if starch is present, if not, it’ll remain …/brown.
1- blue/black 🔵⚫️ 2- orange/brown 🟠🟤
Fats AKA …
Lipids
A gram of fat gives …kJ of energy. …kJ/g
39
Many plants store oil in their seeds- for example, peanut, coconut and castor oil provide a good energy for germination.
🥜🥥🦫
What is the name of the tests for fats?
emulsion test
Steps for test for fats: 2-shake chopped food with ethanol to dissolve. 3-pour the ethanol into the water 1-if fat is present in the food the ethanol mixture will break up into millions of tiny droplets of fat(itll look white and opaque ⚪️)
2,3,1 (if present the emulsion will look white and opaque like milk, if no fat is present the solution will remain transparent)
Protein molecules are made up of long chains joined end-to-end. These smaller molecules are called … …
Amino acids
There about … different kinds of amino acid.
20
Is it true that if there is a small difference in the order of the amino acids, a different type of protein is made?
Yes
Some proteins are soluble in water; an example is …, the red pigment in blood. Others are insoluble in water; for example, … Hair and fingernails are made out of it.
haemoglobin, keratin
Is it true that some proteins are soluble in water?
True (haemoglobin and keratin)
Many of the proteins in the food you eat are used for? And why are they needed?
Proteins are used to make new cells. These new cells are needed for growing and repairing damaged parts of the body.
What parts of the cell contain a lot of protein?
cell membranes and the cytoplasm (especially)
True of false? The shape of the protein affects its function?
True (amino acids from which it is made up of can curl up into different shapes)
What is the test for protein called?
Biuret test
If the solution for the biuret test id purple it contains protein/it doesn’t contain protein.
If the solution turns purple, it contains protein.
If the solution for a biuret test doesn’t contain protein, it remains …
Blue
Many chemical reactions can be speeded up by substances called …
Catalysts
Almost every metabolic reaction is controlled by catalysts called …
Enzymes
What is something that works as a biological catalyst?
an enzyme
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts.
Starch is digested to the … by an enzyme called …
sugar maltose, amylase
What does starch get converted to when digested?
Sugar maltose
Protein is digested to … by ….
amino acids, protease
What is protein broken down into when digested?
Protease
When a seed soaks up water, … is activated and breaks down starch into maltose.
amylase
Another enzyme which speeds up the breakdown of a substance IN CELLS is c…
catalase
An example of the use of catalase is when…
Hydrogen peroxide is broken down to water and oxygen
What is and example of and enzyme that helps to make large molecules from small ones?
starch phosphorylase
Enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of carbohydrates are …
carbohydrases
Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of proteins are …
proteases
Enzymes that break down lipids(fats) are …
lipases
Human enzymes start to denature from about … upwards
40 degrees celcius
What is the optimum temperature of the enzymes from the human digestive system?
37 degrees Celcius
What is the optimum temperature from plants?
From 28 degrees Celcius to 30.
The optimum temperature of enzymes from bacteria can go up to …
As high as 75 degrees celcius
What is the pH in which most enzymes have a correct shape?
A pH of 7 (neutral- not too acidic, not too alkali)
What is the optimum pH is a human’s stomach?
pH 2 (the stomach contains hydrochloric acid)


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