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Microbiology Lecture Final Review
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Give an example of a Type II hypersensitivity
Hemolytic disease, reaction following a blood type mismatch
What antibodies mediate type III hypersensitivities?
IgM and IgG
Give an example of a type I hypersensitivity
Being allergic to tree nuts and going into anaphylaxis
Give us an example of artificial passive immunity.
Receiving monoclonal antibodies as a treatment for covid.
Give an example of disease transmission via a fomite.
Catching a cold after picking up the rhinovirus on the elevator button at school
This antibody isotype is produced in the womb
IgM. What else can you tell us about it?
What do plasma cells do? What cell do they originate from?
Secrete antibodies. They come from B cells.
What cells have MHC II molecules?
Antigen presenting cells: Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B cells.
What is an antigen?
A substance that is seen as foreign, and can provoke an immune response.
True or False: Peroxisomes and lysosomes are examples of eukaryotic organelles that lack a plasma membrane.
False. These organelles are both membrane bound.
What is the result of complement?
Inflammation (via c3a & c5a), Opsonization (via c3b), and lysis of the target via MAC (C5-C9)
In this complement pathway, factors B, D, and P bind to the antigen
Alternative pathway
What is the function of IFN-Gamma?
Promotes phagocytosis, it is proinflammatory.
what is the function of interferon alpha and beta?
IFN A&B induce cells to produce antiviral proteins, which interfere with viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis.
What 3 cells have lymphoid lineage?
NK Cells, B-cells, T-cells
what are the three granulocytes? What do they do?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
Tell us 3 chemical defenses
tears, saliva, sweat, sebum, stomach acid, etc.
What three locations does hematopoiesis occur?
Yolk sac, liver, red bone marrow.
Signs and symptoms of this pathogen include jaundice, fatigue, nausea/vomitting, fever and lack of appetite. Get the vaccine if you're going to nursing school!
Hepatitis A
What is a carcinogen? Give 2 examples of carcinogenic viruses.
A carcinogen is an agent that can cause the development of cancer. Ex: Hep B, Hep C, HPV, Epstein Barr, etc.
How can we "grow" viruses in a lab?
By growing them in a living host, using something like a tissue culture, a lab animal, an embryonated egg, etc.
What is the difference between a somatic and a germline mutation?
Somatic mutations occur in body cells, they are not inheritable to the next generation. Germline mutations ARE inheritable to offspring.
What is a xenotransplant?
Using organs/tissue from a different species.
Give 2 uses of PCR.
Diagnostics, Forensics, Ancestry/Paternity, Agriculture (to find crop pathogens, or for breeding purposes), etc
This is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides, connected by 5'-3' phosphodiester bonds.
DNA!
These are mutant, infectious proteins that cause the mutation of other proteins. Disease caused by these are neurodegenerative and uniformly fatal.
Prions.
What are the 3 methods of horizontal gene transfer?
Transduction, transformation and conjugation.
This enzyme separates double-stranded DNA, by breaking hydrogen bonds.
Helicase
How does a photoautotroph get its carbon? Where does it get it's energy?
Through fixation of carbon dioxide and through sunlight.
What is the end result of meiosis?
4 genetically distinct daughter cells
This bacterium infected your SI Leader in late 2023, giving me respiratory symptoms for weeks. Why wasn't I prescibed penicillin to help fight it?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a cell wall, which is what penicillin targets. (peptidoglycan specifically)
This pathogen, transmitted via the fecal-oral route, produces symptoms such as "rice-water" stools, dysentery and dehydration.
Vibrio cholera.
Name an endospore forming bacteria and the disease it causes.
Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax. Clostridium difficile - pseudomembranous colitis/c.diff
Why are biofilms a concern in healthcare?
Because they are resistant to destruction and antibiotics.
What are the 4 major macromolecules found in all cells?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Can you name an example of each one?
What is meant by fungal dimorphism?
Fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular, depending on their environment.
Give 3 reasons why fungi are significant/important.
They are decomposers, food sources, used in research, as antibiotics. They can also be pathogenic.
Give two examples of fermentation products.
Cheese, beer, wine, fingernail polish remover.
What is the fungal cell wall composed of?
Chitin!
What is the difference between a trophozoite and a cyst?
Trophozoites are active and feeding. Cysts are dormant and inactive.
These whip-like structures, found on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, allow the cell to be motile.
Flagella
This organelle "ships and receives" products from the rough ER.
Golgi apparatus. Does this organelle have a membrane?
This organelle is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes and plays a role in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
This is the causative agent of whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
This is the causative agent of syphilis.
Treponema pallidum
What is an endemic disease and give an example
An endemic disease is always present, but is manageable. Ex: the common cold.
This type of infection is acquired during a hospital stay.
Nosocomial.
List the categories of taxonomy in order
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Give 2 positive impacts of microbes have had on humans or the environment.
Used to make food, such as cheese, yogurt, etc. Used in bioremediation, etc.
This is the fusion of 2 nuclei, forming a zygote.
Karyogamy
What is the endosymbiotic theory and give 2 examples backing it up.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living prokaryotic organisms. *ran out of room for proof, forgive me. :'(*
This enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strand
DNA Polymerase III.
Describe the morphology of the cells seen here:
Staphylococci
This type of bacterial cell wall has teichoic acids and a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram Positive
True or False: There are no known eukaryotes that have a cell wall
False!


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