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Unit 1-3 Review
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How do you "grow" viruses in the lab?
By using something like an embryonated egg, live tissue cultures, a lab animal. Basically something that is LIVING.
Give three benefits provided by the human microbiome.
Food digestion, synthesis of compounds (like vitamin K), produce hormones (like serotonin), train the immune system, etc.
Explain the hygiene hypothesis
changes in human behavior have lead to a loss of microbial diversity.
What is an opportunistic infection?
An infection that occurs as a result of normal flora being introduced to a new location.
What are phosphodiester bonds?
Strong bonds that form the backbone of both DNA and RNA.
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A pentose, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
what is an operon?
A cluster of genes that are regulated by a single, common promoter.
How do probiotics benefit us?
Probiotics are "good" bacteria, they help repopulate the gut microbiome after antibiotic use, etc.
True or false: Viruses are part of the normal human microbiome.
True!
What is the function of the enzyme primase?
Primase synthesizes the RNA primer, which is the starting point of DNA replication.
True or false: the aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye are generally sterile
True
This kind of bacterial wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that includes lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Anything except oxygen
How many ATPs are made as a result of oxidative level phosphorylation?
36-38 ATP.
What is a cardinal temperature?
The optimal temperatures needed for survival.
how does a photoautotroph get its carbon?
Through fixation of carbon dioxide.
What are the four major macromolecules found in ALL cells?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
What is the difference between a trophozoite and a cyst?
Trophozoites are active, motile and metabolically active. Cysts are dormant and inactive.
What is schizogony?
An asexual reproduction method found in some protozoans. It involves multiple mitoses without cytokinesis.
True or False: Budding and binary fission are asexual methods of reproducing.
True!
This kind of bacterial wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that includes lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Gram Negative
These stabilizing features are found only within the the bacterial plasma membrane.
Hopanoids
A type of infection that occurs when normal flora is introduced to a new location.
Opportunistic infection
The transmission method in which the pathogen enters via a sting or needle injection.
Parenteral route
This type of infection is transmitted from a healthcare worker to a patient.
Iatrogenic infection
This organelle "ships and receives" products from the rough ER.
Golgi apparatus
This organelle synthesizes lipids and plays a role in detoxification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
This organelle is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes and plays a role in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
This scientist invented the first compound microscope and coined the term "cell".
Robert Hooke
This scientist linked puerperal fever to "cadaver particles", leading to preliminary aseptic techniques.
Ignaz Semmelweis
This Gram (-) bacteria localizes in the lower respiratory tract and is generally more severe in children
Bordetella pertussis
This bacteria can cross the placenta and causes numerous birth defects, including saber shins and saddle nose.
Treponema pallidum


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