Water is always moving around our planet in a process called the water cycle. It begins when the sun heats up water in lakes, rivers, and oceans, causing it to evaporate into the air as water vapor.
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Plants are amazing because they make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. They use energy from sunlight, water from the soil, and carbon dioxide from the air to create glucose, a type of sugar they use for energy.
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Our solar system is made up of the sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The planets are divided into two groups: the inner rocky planets and the outer gas giants.
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Every object moves because of forces. A force is a push or a pull. When you kick a soccer ball, your foot applies a force that makes the ball move. Friction is another force that happens when two objects rub against each other.
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Electricity is a form of energy that powers lights, computers, and so many other things we use every day. Electricity moves through circuits, which are paths that allow electric current to flow.
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The human brain is one of the most complex organs in the body. It controls our thinking, moving, feeling, and remembering. Even though it only weighs about three pounds, the brain works nonstop to keep us alive and aware of the world.
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Every animal has special features called adaptations that help it survive in its environment. For example, a camel’s hump stores fat that can be used for energy in the hot desert. Polar bears have thick fur and layers of fat to stay warm.
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The Earth may look solid, but it’s made of four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thin outer layer where we live and it includes the continents and ocean floors.
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The sun is a medium-sized star at the center of our solar system, but it’s incredibly important for life on Earth. Its light gives plants the energy they need to make food through photosynthesis.
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The ocean covers more than 70% of Earth’s surface, but much of it remains unexplored. Scientists divide the ocean into zones based on how deep they are. The top layer, called the sunlight zone, is where most marine life lives.
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Weather and climate are related but not the same. Weather describes the conditions in the atmosphere at a specific time and place such as a rainy afternoon or a windy morning. Climate is the pattern of weather in a region over many years.
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Magnets are objects that can attract or repel certain metals, like iron and nickel. Every magnet has two poles—a north pole and a south pole. Opposite poles attract each other, while like poles push away.
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Sound is a type of energy that travels in waves through air, water, or solid objects. When something vibrates, it makes the air around it vibrate too. These vibrations move to our ears, and are turned into signals our brain understands.
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Butterflies go through an amazing transformation called metamorphosis. The cycle begins when a female butterfly lays eggs on the leaves of a plant. When the eggs hatch, tiny caterpillars, or larvae, come out and begin eating the leaves.
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The ground beneath us may seem still, but it’s actually moving! Earth’s surface is made up of huge pieces called tectonic plates. These plates fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and slowly slide past, collide, or pull away from one another.
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Plants may seem simple, but every part has an important job. The roots anchor the plant in the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The stem supports the plant and carries water and food between the roots and leaves.
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