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I AM SURE she was at home.
She must have been at home. (You’re certain about a past fact → must have.)
I THINK they forgot about the meeting.
They might have forgotten about the meeting. (Not sure → might have for possibility.)
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE that he saw me.
He can’t have seen me. (Past impossibility → can’t have.)
PERHAPS she missed the bus.
She might have missed the bus. (Possible but not certain → might have.)
I’M CERTAIN they left early.
They must have left early. (Sure about the past → must have.)
I DOUBT he understood the question.
He might not have understood the question. (Uncertain negative → might not have.)
I AM SURE she forgot her keys.
She must have forgotten her keys. (You’re certain → must have.)
I HAVE NO DOUBT he worked all night.
He must have worked all night. (You’re certain → must have.)
I’M POSITIVE they were tired after the trip.
They must have been tired after the trip. (You’re certain → must have.)
I KNOW FOR A FACT she studied for the test.
She must have studied for the test. (You’re certain → must have.)
THERE’S NO WAY he stayed until the end.
He must have left early. (You’re certain → must have.)
IT WAS THE RIGHT THING to tell the truth, but you didn’t.
You should have told the truth. (Advice → should have.)
IT WAS THE RIGHT THING to help him, but she didn’t.
She should have helped him. (Advice → should have.)
I EXPECTED them to arrive by now.
They should have arrived by now. (Expectation → should have.)
I EXPECTED you to finish earlier.
You should have finished earlier. (Expectation → should have.)
IT WAS UNFAIR to ignore her question.
You should have answered her question. (Judgment → should have.)
