Holy Roman Emperor
Title given to a person who had charge of not only the empire, but also the church
Holy Roman Emperor Otto I
He asserted royal power of churches and started Lay Investiture
lay investiture
A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
Pope Gregory VII
(1020-1085) powerful medieval pope; fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
fought Pope Gregory over investiture, was excommunicated then begged for forgiveness
Holy Roman Emperor Henry V
agreed to the Concordat of Worms with Pope Calixtus
Concordat of Worms
document they allowed king to choose government officials & pope to choose church officials/clergy
Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I)
the Holy Roman emperor who tied Germany to southern Italy through the marriage of his son
Lombard League
alliance of the Italian merchants and pope against Frederick I; foot soldiers faced Frederick's mounted knights; foot soldiers with crossbows defeated...
Henry and Constance of Sicily
Son of Frederick I and heiress of Sicily which made them heirs to Southern Italy.
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
Tried to assert his authority as Holy Roman Emperor over the authority of the Church; feuded with Innocent III
Pope Gregory IX
pope who, in 1231, set up an official court called the Inquisition to investigate suspected heretics
Pope Innocent III
(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming suprem...
Pope Innocent IV
a pope who suspected heretics and even tortured them to make them confess their beliefs
Albigensian Crusade
a crusade begun by Innocent III against the Cathar heresy in southern France.
Fourth Crusade
A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire
