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A system where success is based purely on ability and effort.
Meritocracy
The pattern where those who gain early success receive increasing advantages over time.
Matthew Effect
A specific eligibility date that creates age-based advantage.
Arbitrary cutoff date
The estimated number of practice hours required to achieve mastery.
10,000-Hour Rule
The Canadian hockey team Gladwell uses as evidence for birth-month trends.
Medicine Hat Tigers
The economic concept showing how small advantages grow over time.
Compounding advantage
The University where Bill Joy gained early computer access.
University of Michigan
The band that gained thousands of hours playing in Hamburg.
The Beatles
The private school Bill Gates attended in 7th grade.
Lakeside School
The shared factor connecting Gates, Joy, Allen, Ballmer, and Schmidt.
Timing (Accept: Birth-year advantage)
The key combination (3) Gladwell argues produces outliers.
Ability + Opportunity + Arbitrary Advantage
The company Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to build.
Microsoft
The month most elite Canadian hockey players are disproportionately born in.
January
