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In 1905, Russian soldiers fired on peaceful protestors outside the Winter Palace, killing hundreds and weakening support for the czar.
Bloody Sunday (1905)
This 19th-century German philosopher wrote about class struggle in 1848 and inspired communist movements around the world.
Karl Marx
Russia’s humiliating defeat in this 1904–1905 war exposed military weakness and damaged confidence in Nicholas II’s leadership.
Russo-Japanese War
This radical Marxist group, led by Lenin, seized power in November 1917.
Bolsheviks
What slogan did Lenin use in 1917 to promise an end to war, redistribution of land, and relief from food shortages?
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
In 1918, Lenin signed this treaty to withdraw Russia from World War I, even though Russia lost territory.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
After Lenin’s death in 1924, which two leaders were the main rivals competing to take control of the Soviet Union?
Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky
What was the official cause of death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924?
Lenin died after a series of strokes (1922–1924)
How was Leon Trotsky assassinated in 1940?
Trotsky was killed in Mexico with an ice axe by a Stalinist agent.
Why did the Bolsheviks execute Czar Nicholas II and his entire family in 1918 during the Civil War?
To ensure the monarchy could never be restored.
This leader of the Provisional Government in 1917 failed to withdraw Russia from World War I and struggled to address land reform.
Alexander Kerensky
This Leninist policy represented a temporary retreat from pure Marxist principles.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
From 1918–1922, Russia experienced a civil war between the “Reds” (Bolsheviks) and the “Whites” (their opponents). Who were the Whites??
Czar Loyalists
