What is effective occupation?
A rule saying Europeans had to show real control to claim land.
What are artificial borders?
Borders created by outsiders that ignore local cultures or groups.
What is a monopoly?
Complete control over a trade or product.
How did the Opium Wars shift the balance of power between China and Western nations?
China was weakened, forced into unequal treaties, and lost control of trade and territory.
Why did the Bayonet Constitution weaken Hawaiian sovereignty?
Jt stripped the monarchy of power and removed voting rights from many Native Hawaiians.
How did the coup against Queen Liliʻuokalani lead to U.S. annexation?
The coup created a pro‑American government that pushed for U.S. takeover.
If a country controls trade but not government in a region, what type of imperialism is this?
A sphere of influence.
A European power replaces all local leaders with its own officials. What ruling style is this?
Direct rule.
A company controls all spice trade in a region and sets prices. What economic concept is this?
Monopoly.
Why did China call the Opium War treaties “unequal treaties”?
They forced China to give up territory, pay reparations, and open ports without receiving benefits.
How did imperialism in Asia and Africa help Europe become globally dominant?
y giving Europe access to resources, markets, military bases, and strategic territories.
Why did Western missionaries play a major role in imperial expansion?
hey spread religion but also increased Western influence and justified imperial control.
How did industrialized warfare give Europeans an advantage during imperialism?
Advanced weapons (machine guns, steamships) overwhelmed local armies.
Why did Japan adopt Western military and industrial methods during the Meiji Restoration?
To avoid being colonized and to become an imperial power itself.
How did imperialism create long‑term political and economic problems in colonized regions?
It disrupted local governments, exploited resources, and created borders and systems that didn’t match local cultures.
