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A gene editing tool that mirrors the way that cells repair damaged DNA. Was first demonstrated in 2013. CRISPR allows scientists to make edits in precise places along a DNA strand.
CRISPR
Deliberately inter-breeding (crossing) related individuals to produce new varieties, for example, Pluots.
Cross-Breeding
Involved in food production as a breeding method to improve both plants and animals. Also promising as a bio-medical tool to address inherited diseases. It starts with a clear understanding of the genetic sequence and DNA location of selec
Gene Editing
A biotech tool used by plant breeders for over 75 years. NOT considered genetic engineering or bioengineering. Seeds are treated with mutagens such as ionizing radiation or strong chemicals to induce random mutations to their genetic mater
Mutagenesis
Both wild and cultivated plants can have entire extra sets of chromosomes. It has been a major tool for plant breeders using traditional breeding techniques over the past century. NOT considered bioeng
Polyploidy
A type of genetic engineering where cells or cellular components from two different living things are combined. Able to transfer traits between species and potentially create an entirely different variety of plant. Currently allowed in both
Protoplast Fusion (Somatic Fusion)
Involves addition of genetic material (DNA) from another species to create a new variety of plant or animal with desired traits. Also known as a GMO.
Transgenesis
Refers to changes to a cell’s gene expression that do not involve altering its DNA code. Instead, the DNA and proteins that hold onto DNA are “tagged” with removable chemical signals.
Epigenetic
All the cells in a multicellular organism except for germ cells (eggs or sperm).
Somatic cells
A genetic engineering tool wherein one portion of the protein recognizes a specific DNA sequence and another part cuts DNA. Made by attaching a series of smaller DNA-binding domains together to recognize a longer DNA sequence.
Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)
A way for a cell to repair a break in its DNA by “patching” it with a piece of donor DNA. The donor DNA must contain similar sequences, or homology, to the broken DNA ends for it to be incorporated.
Homology-directed repair (HDR)
