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Past Modals

  •  English    11     Public
    Adapted from English File Upper-Intermediate 4th edition
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  • I'm certain that I left my phone at home.
    I must have left my phone at home.
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  • She's crying -- maybe she had an argument with her boyfriend.
    She might/may/could have had an argument with her boyfriend.
  •  15
  • I'm sure he's read my message -- I sent it hours ago.
    He must have read my message.
  •  15
  • I'm sure he hasn't gotten lost - he's very good with directions.
    He can't have gotten lost.
  •  15
  • You saw her yesterday? That's not possible. She's sick at home.
    You can't have seen her yesterday.
  •  15
  • Maybe he didn't see you. That's probably why he didn't say hi.
    He might/may not have seen you.
  •  15
  • I'm sure she's bought a new car - I saw her driving a blue Tesla.
    She must have bought a new car.
  •  15
  • I'm sure he wasn't very sick. He only missed one day of work.
    He can't have have been very sick.
  •  15
  • They didn't go to the wedding. Maybe they weren't invited.
    They may/might not have been invited.
  •  15
  • This coffee is too sweet. I'm sure you used too much sugar.
    You must have used too much sugar.
  •  15
  • You definitely didn't hear my phone in class. It was on silent.
    You can't have heard my phone in class.
  •  15