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PAST MODALS FOR SPECULATION

  •  English    17     Public
    Must (not) have + pp May (not) have + pp Couldn't have + pp
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  • (Almost 100% sure) He didn't steal the wallet.
    He must not have stolen the wallet.
  •  15
  • (IMPOSSIBLE) He wasn't in his office.
    He couldn't have been in his office.
  •  15
  • (POSSIBLE) They built the pyramids.
    They may have built the pyramids.
  •  15
  • (ALMOST 100% SURE) Mike ate the cake.
    Mike must have eaten the cake.
  •  15
  • (IMPOSSIBLE) He didn't take the train.
    He couldn't have taken the train.
  •  15
  • (ALMOST 100% SURE) She destroyed the mail box.
    She must have destroyed the mail box.
  •  15
  • (POSSIBLE) She sent the letter.
    She may have sent the letter.
  •  15
  • (IMPOSSIBLE) Aliens didn't abduct her.
    Aliens couldn't have abducted her.
  •  15
  • (POSSIBLE) He didn't see me.
    He may not have seen me.
  •  15
  • (IMPOSSIBLE) They didn't buy a gift.
    They couldn't have bought a gift.
  •  15
  • (ALMOST 100% SURE) He didn't tell the boss we were lying.
    He must not have told the boss we were lying.
  •  15
  • (POSSIBLE) He went to the gym.
    He may have gone to the gym.
  •  15
  • (IMPOSSIBLE) He didn't tell the truth.
    He couldn't have told the truth.
  •  15
  • (POSSIBLE) He painted this portrait.
    He may have painted this portrait.
  •  15
  • (ALMOST 100% SURE) She forgot to call him.
    She must have forgotten to call him.
  •  15
  • (ALMOST 100% SURE) He was fired.
    He must have been fired.
  •  15