A technique that replaces a term or phrase with an explanation of its appearance, function, or meaning in the TL.

A technique that uses broader or more general terms in the TL to replace more specific ones from the SL.

A technique that selects more specific or detailed terms in the TL than those used in the SL.

A technique that alters linguistic or paralinguistic features to adapt to social or regional variation in the TL.

A technique where meaning or stylistic effect from the ST is introduced in another part of the TT because it cannot be directly translated in the same position.

A technique that incorporates words or expressions from the SL directly into the TT without translation.

A technique that changes the grammatical category or structure from the SL to make the translation more natural in the TL.

A technique where words or expressions are translated exactly, word by word.

A technique that shifts the focus, perspective, or cognitive category expressed in the SL to a more natural equivalent in the TL.

A technique that uses a well-known and dictionary-recognized translation of a term or phrase as its equivalent in the TL.

A technique that translates a foreign term or phrase word-for-word and structure-for-structure into the TL.

A technique that replaces linguistic elements with paralinguistic elements (like gestures or tone) or vice versa.

A technique that replaces cultural or contextual elements in the ST with equivalents that are familiar and appropriate in the target culture.