A technique that omits certain elements of meaning from the ST in the target version when they are considered redundant or unnecessary.

A technique that changes the grammatical category or structure from the SL to make the translation more natural in the TL.

A technique that shifts the focus, perspective, or cognitive category expressed in the SL to a more natural equivalent in the TL.

A technique that incorporates words or expressions from the SL directly into the TT without translation.

A technique that selects more specific or detailed terms in the TL than those used in the SL.

A technique where words or expressions are translated exactly, word by word.

A technique that replaces linguistic elements with paralinguistic elements (like gestures or tone) or vice versa.

A technique that uses broader or more general terms in the TL to replace more specific ones from the SL.

A technique that translates a foreign term or phrase word-for-word and structure-for-structure into the TL.

A technique that alters linguistic or paralinguistic features to adapt to social or regional variation in the TL.

A technique that replaces cultural or contextual elements in the ST with equivalents that are familiar and appropriate in the target culture.

A technique that invents a temporary and unpredictable equivalent in the TL, typically based on context rather than direct meaning.