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Shape- long, short, flat, rounded or irregular

Reduce the blood supply to the area and exert a numbing effect on sensory nerve endings. Can help control bleeding, prevent further swelling and reduce pain.

Dehydration, heavy exercise, muscle/fatigue, hypothyroidism, lack of calcium/magnesium, kidney failure, alcoholism

malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, serositis, renal, neurologic, hematologic, immunologic disorder, antinuclear bodies

Kidney disease, consumption of alcohol, obesity, untreated hypertension, family history of the disease

Nonsynovial joints and synovial joints

Rest and exercise

Vitamin E and Calcium

rest, ice, compression, elevation

No concern for correct technique

measuring tape, blood pressure cuff and stethoscope.

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