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eraser
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magnet
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gift
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thief
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Balanced bilinguals:
Rarely code-switch
Have identical proficiency across both languages
Have functional proficiency allowing effective comm. in both
Acquire both languages only before age 3
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15
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Subtractive bilingualism is MOST likely when:
Families speak two heritage languages
Students receive strong L1 support
Schools encourage dual-language development
The L2 becomes dominant while L1 skills weaken
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A bilingual child shows rapid improvement after mediated learning experiences. This pattern suggests:
Intellectual disability
Language disorder
Aphasia
Typically developing bilingual learning
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thief
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rocket
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fairy
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baam
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Alternation code-switching involves:
Borrowing only nouns
Switching between languages across utterances
A speaker alternates languages within the same sentence
Using invented words
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banana
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gift
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rocket
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banana
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Sequential bilinguals MOST often show:
No cross-linguistic effects
Faster L2 acquisition than simultaneous bilinguals
Early balanced bilingualism
Influence of L1 structures on L2
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trap
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fairy
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shark
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lifesaver
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Academic language proficiency (CALP) typically requires:
10-12 years
1-2 years
5-7 years
8-10 years
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Code-switching is BEST viewed as:
A speaker changes language across different days
An indicator of impairment
Evidence of high linguistic competence
A sign of incomplete learning
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A child who switches languages for humor, emphasis, or clarity demonstrates:
Communicative competence
Typical silent period in L2 acquisition
Morphosyntactic error
A sign of incomplete learning
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When assessing bilingual speakers, the SLP must remember that:
Testing should occur in English only
Language dominance may shift over time
Accent differences equal a disorder
Code-switching must be eliminated before assessing skills
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Which is not a typical feature of bilingual development?
Temporary periods of silence
Uneven proficiency across languages
Code-switching
Persistent deficits in syntax
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When bilingual children demonstrate low vocabulary scores in English standardized testing, the BEST next step is to:
Retest in English in 6 months
Schools that are encouraging dual-language development
Assess vocabulary conceptually across both languages
Diagnose expressive language disorder
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Intra-sentential code-switching occurs when:
A speaker replaces unknown words with gestures
A speaker changes language across different days
A speaker alternates languages within the same sentence
A speaker replaces unknown words with invented words
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