The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.

The artistic decoration of books and manuscripts

This was the English king who led the Third Crusade. Also called Richard the Lionhearted

Also known as Philip Augustus, he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He wa...

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asia...

English King claiming the French throne, launched war for the throne called Hundred Years' War

the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments

King of Spain, who - with Queen Isabella - funded Christopher Columbus's voyages. He also helped lead the Spanish Reconquista.

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Calamity that struck a large area of Europe caused by much rain, rotting crops, and a lack of salt to preserve meat.

banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numb...