Identify neural pathways affected in AD. (SIGS 8.2b)
memory 1st (hippocampus), then reasoning/language/behavior (frontal &temporal lobes), in later stages motor is affected (motor cortex)
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15
Describe the effects of dopamine depletion in PD. (SIGS 8.2a)
pars compacta in substantia nigra not making dopamine-> cannot act to stimulate D1 excitatory pathway-> unable to inhibit GPi-> incr inhibition of thalamus
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boom
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shark
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15
Describe the vascular and neurogenic migraine hypotheses. (Sigs 8.4b)
V: ischemia due to intracranial vasoconstriction-> aura&rebound vasodilation->perivascular nociceptive activation; N: neuronal hyperactivity occipital cortex
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15
Describe the RACE score and NIH Stroke Score and how they are used for CVA management. (Sigs 8.1a)
RACE is a pre-hospital assessment to assess possible stroke- EMT; NIHSS is more specific- used by physicians to quantify severity of stroke in acute setting
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15
Describe the mechanism of action of peginterferon beta-1a in treating MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
supress T cell activity--> decr. proinflammatory cytokines and decr. lymphocyte invasion of CNS
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15
Discuss the MOA and use of diazepam and levetiracetam for treatment of seizures. (Sigs 8.4a)
D: incr. GABAa action-> calms neuroactivity in brain; L: SV2A receptor blocker-> slows electrical signals in brain
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15
Identify mechanisms of demyelination in MS and relate it to possible causes of MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
activation myelin-reactive T cells-> adhesion molecule expression-> enter BBB; antibodies against myelin; inflammation, free radical,& protease release
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15
Describe the clinical presentation of vertigo. (SIGS 8.3a)
rotatory spinning or rocking, possible nausea & vomiting; Meniere triad: peripheral vertigo, tinnitus, asymmetric fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
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15
Explain the rationale for using immunomodulators for long-term management of relapsing-remitting MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
long-term autoimmune condition that does not have a cure, so manage inflammation and minimize relapses/flare-ups
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15
Describe the clinical presentation of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and labyrinthitis. (SIGS 8.3a)
BPPV= abnormal sensation of motion elicited by certain provocative positions--> nystagmus; Labyrinthitis: inflamm disorder-> poor balance & hearing
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15
Discuss the indications for and mechanism of action of the Epley Maneuver in cases of vertigo. (SIGS 8.3a)
Indication: BPPV; MOA: moves lodged calcium crystal(canalith)debris out of semicircular canal into inner ear-->stereocilia can move-->normalize action potential
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lifesaver
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gift
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shark
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15
Describe the role of areas of the brain affected in AD. (SIGS 8.2b)
episodic mem affected 1st; hippocampus (short term mem); cerebellum (procedural mem); hippocampus (new mem encoded); amygdala (emotional mem)
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15
Distinguish abortive and preventative pharmacotherapies for migraine headache. (SIGS 8.4b)
