Describe the effects of dopamine depletion in PD. (SIGS 8.2a)
pars compacta in substantia nigra not making dopamine-> cannot act to stimulate D1 excitatory pathway-> unable to inhibit GPi-> incr inhibition of thalamus
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15
Describe the mechanism of action of peginterferon beta-1a in treating MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
supress T cell activity--> decr. proinflammatory cytokines and decr. lymphocyte invasion of CNS
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15
Describe the role of areas of the brain affected in AD. (SIGS 8.2b)
episodic mem affected 1st; hippocampus (short term mem); cerebellum (procedural mem); hippocampus (new mem encoded); amygdala (emotional mem)
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15
Describe the clinical presentation of vertigo. (SIGS 8.3a)
rotatory spinning or rocking, possible nausea & vomiting; Meniere triad: peripheral vertigo, tinnitus, asymmetric fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
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15
Define status epilepticus and discuss nonpharmacologic management of it. (Sigs 8.4a)
seizure that lasts greater/equal to 5 min OR a series of seizures in rapid succession w/o interictal period; airway clear (O2),BP&pulse, EEG
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15
Explain the rationale for using immunomodulators for long-term management of relapsing-remitting MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
long-term autoimmune condition that does not have a cure, so manage inflammation and minimize relapses/flare-ups
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15
Describe the vascular and neurogenic migraine hypotheses. (Sigs 8.4b)
V: ischemia due to intracranial vasoconstriction-> aura&rebound vasodilation->perivascular nociceptive activation; N: neuronal hyperactivity occipital cortex
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15
Describe the motor symptoms of PD across the progression of the disease. (SIGS 8.2a)
Identify mechanisms of demyelination in MS and relate it to possible causes of MS. (SIGS 8.1b)
activation myelin-reactive T cells-> adhesion molecule expression-> enter BBB; antibodies against myelin; inflammation, free radical,& protease release
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15
Describe the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex that get their blood supply from the MCA, relating to specific MCA stroke signs/symptoms (Sigs 8.1a)
Motor: broca's area--> expressive aphasia, unilateral motor area--> contralateral hemiparesis; sensory: wernicke's--> receptive aphasia, unilateral sensory area
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15
Distinguish abortive and preventative pharmacotherapies for migraine headache. (SIGS 8.4b)
