French upper-middle class who lived in cities, including those who owned factories, banks, and transportation networks.

Invention that enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and fourth between the threads with one hand

Working class, generally in the factories

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. It was then applied to machinery.

What did James Hargreaves invent?

A machine that could spin several threads at once

Invented in the 1780s, using water power, it turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, which leads to the development of mechanized looms.

What did Richard Arkwright invent?

What did John Kay invent?

New social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, they were usually skilled workers and professionals

Who made up the main workforce in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Name given to toll roads that were used to transport goods across the country faster