Some of the reduction products of oxygen, having two free electron, is not a radical

Forms of cysteine and methionine, plus some low-molecular-mass compounds such as glutathione, trypanothione, or mycothiol are

The _______________ is the endomembrane system that is distributed in a network within the cell and can be subdivided into the ribosome-bound “rough” ER (RER) and the ribosome-non-bound “smooth” ER (SER).

In healthy cells, ROS/RNS are produced at High levels, and any damage they cause is commonly repaired; therefore, they usually exist in equilibrium with antioxidants that scavenge ROS/RNS and prevent tissue injury.

Biologically important reactive species are chlorine and bromine species

Supply cellular energy ATP through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)

Some of the reduction products of oxygen are of a free-radical nature, having a free electron

When the production of free radicals or their products exceeds the capability of the antioxidant defense mechanisms, the formation of ROS/RNS increases, which damages biological molecules and initiates a cascade of events that result in

The_______is the waste disposal system of cells, which can digest endocytosed particles in the cytoplasm.

Lysosomes contain high concentrations of redox- active iron that can catalyze the homolytic splitting of hydrogen peroxide, which produces the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical by

The________________ is a pivotal organelle in cell metabolism and participates in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell.

________ are generated by oxidant enzymes and scavenged by scavenging systems, which include enzymatic or non enzymatic.

Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and nitrite/nitrate are reactive species of