Some of the reduction products of oxygen are of a free-radical nature, having a free electron

When the production of free radicals or their products exceeds the capability of the antioxidant defense mechanisms, the formation of ROS/RNS increases, which damages biological molecules and initiates a cascade of events that result in

Is a subnuclear membranless organelle that primarily functions as a biosynthetic site for the 40S and 60S ribosome precursors

While each organelle can generate ROS, they differ in sensing danger signals

Biologically important reactive species are chlorine and bromine species

Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and nitrite/nitrate are reactive species of

___________include various forms of metabolically generated aldehydes and electronically excited (triplet) carbonyls

Forms of cysteine and methionine, plus some low-molecular-mass compounds such as glutathione, trypanothione, or mycothiol are

Electronically excited states of the reduction products of oxygen, which are also nonradicals.

The _______________ is the endomembrane system that is distributed in a network within the cell and can be subdivided into the ribosome-bound “rough” ER (RER) and the ribosome-non-bound “smooth” ER (SER).

Lysosomes contain high concentrations of redox- active iron that can catalyze the homolytic splitting of hydrogen peroxide, which produces the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical by

The________________ is a pivotal organelle in cell metabolism and participates in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell.

Some of the reduction products of oxygen, having two free electron, is not a radical