Additional training costs, Additional recruitment costs, Time taken to recruit new employees

Financial rewards might not motivate workers because they enjoy what they do, Non-financial factors might be more important e.g. Being able to work part time

Email, letter, meeting, phone, facetime/skype, text/sms, social media

Offer fringe benefits Job rotation, Team working, Training

Sales value OR value of output OR revenue, Capital employed, Value of balance sheet, Market share

Businesses owned by shareholders buy they cannot sell share to the public

Job analysis /identify a vacancy, Job description, Person / job specification, Advertising, Shortlisting, Interview, Selection

transport, insurance, banking, hotels, hairdressing, accounting, consulting

Meetings rather than monthly reports, Changes to organisation structure e.g. change chain of command

local newspaper, Job center/government agency

business or industry which provides OR sells services to consumers OR other sectors of the economy

Encourages loyalty / motivation as managers can run own shops so less likely to leave

More flexible/easier to ask employees to work at busy times, Easier to find workers