compare and contrast mechanical transmission and biological transmission and give examples
mechanical transmission involves pathogen being transported by a vector versus biological where part of the pathogens life cycle occurs in the vector
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15
experimental requirements for identifying the agent of an infectious disease
Koch's postulates
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15
compare and contrast contact and vehicle transmissions and give examples
contact transmision includes direct, indirect contact, droplet and congenital transmissions, vehicle Transmission are by an inanimate reservoir- air food water
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20
What function do capsules and M proteins have in common?
They both add to the bacteria's virulence by preventing phagocytosis also M-proteins and capsules are both heat resistant and acid resistant
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How do endotoxins produce a fever in the host
macrophage ingests gram(-), bacterium is degraded releasing endotoxin-endtotoxin induces macrophage to release cytokines
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15
Analytical epidemiology: analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause, give an example of what an analytical epidemiologist would study
investigating an outbreak of 40 staff getting food poisoning in a hospital, finding what caused the outbreaking
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15
List the membrane disrupting toxins and what they do
Leukocidins – kill phagocytic leukocytes – Hemolysins – kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels – Streptolysins – hemolysins produced by streptococci
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Gram(-), not easily neutralized by antitoxin, causes general discomfort symptoms; fever,
endotoxins
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Which are the most often used portals of exits?
The respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.
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25
Most organisms cannot penetrate intact skin; how then would pathogens enter a host through this portal of entry
they would enter through the hair follicles and sweat glands on the skin
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15
How would you define cytopathic effects of viruses?
Cytopathic effects are visible signs in a host cell of a viral infection
