are released when gram(-) bacteria die or during multiplication; can withstand autoclaving, cannot be used to make toxoids
endotoxins
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
trap
No points!
Oops!
rocket
Go to first place!
Okay!
fairy
Take points!
5
10
15
20
25
lifesaver
Give 20 points!
Oops!
15
List the membrane disrupting toxins and what they do
Leukocidins â kill phagocytic leukocytes â Hemolysins â kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels â Streptolysins â hemolysins produced by streptococci
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
compare and contrast membrane-disrupting toxins and superantigens
MD-lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membranes; SA-cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells (T cells)
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
Give examples of bacteria that produce A-B toxin
Clostridium, diptheria, e. coli, shingella
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
A-B toxins; membrane-disrupting toxins (leukocidins, hemolysins, streptolysins), genotoxins, superantigens are all endotoxins or exotoxins?
exotoxins
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
25
Why does the influenza vaccine only offer a few months of protection?
antigenic variation; influenza alters its surface antigens so antibodies formed from the previous vaccination do not bind to the new antigens.
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
20
Many organisms gain entry through the mucous membranes, gives examples of mucosal portals of entry
conjunctiva, respiratory tracts, GI tracts, GU tracts
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
thief
Give points!
5
10
15
20
25
magnet
Take 25 points!
Okay!
gift
Win 20 points!
Okay!
banana
Go to last place!
Oops!
25
How does E. Coli cause membrane ruffling?
E. Coli releases invasins which alters the host's actin and form ruffling due the the disruption of the cytoskeleton.
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
25
How are endotoxins on medical equipment tested for?
using the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which will detect even minute amounts of endotoxin.
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
Would you expect a bacterium to make coagulase and kinase simultaneously?
No, coagulase are bacterial enzymes that coagulate the fibrinogen in blood and convert it into fibrin and kinase breaks down fibrin.
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
Explain how A-B toxins is used to overcome host cells
Bacteria secretes toxin, B binds to host cell receptors, PM invaginates, enclosing toxin in PM as it is pinocytosed. A-B toxin separates, A inhibits cell functi
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
What virulence factor triggers endocytosis?
invasins
Oops!
Check
Okay!
Check
15
proteins produced and secreted by bacteria; soluble in body fluids; gram (+) or (-); can be converted to toxoids; usually effects cell functions; usually destroyed by heat
